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Bishul Akum: Difference between revisions
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==Utensils == | ==Utensils == | ||
# There is a discussion in the poskim if food cooked by a non-Jew<ref>The Shach 113:20 says [[cooking]] for herself is more stringent because it is unlikely that a Jew will intervene. Refer to Prisha 113:17, Chochmas Adom 66:11. See Shulchan Melachim 2:pages 959-957.</ref> renders the pot treif.<ref>Some say if the [[cooking]] was not done in front of us then there is a concern of non-kosher being cooked and all would agree that hagalah is required (Chelkes Binyomin 113:134). </ref> Some poskim say that no hagalah (kashering) is required.<ref>Ritvah Meseches Avodah Zarah 38a, Issur V’heter 43:8, Shulchan Aruch 113:16, Levush 16, Shiurei Beracha 18. Refer to Hamesivta 5754:pages 123-125 who says most poskim hold no hagalah is required. </ref> Some explain that the main reason for the issur of [[bishul]] akum is because of intermarriage, and there is no socializing with flavor absorbed in the pot.<ref> Bedek Habayis 3:7:page 209 (new), G’ra 40, 42, See Aruch Hashulchan 113:50. </ref> However, many poskim maintain that hagalah is in fact required,<ref>Rashba in Toras Habayis 3:7 (end), Rashba Meseches Avodah Zarah 38a, Ran (teshuvos) 5:11, Toras Chatos 75:14, Tur, Bais Yosef, Shulchan Aruch 113:16, Levush 16, Shiurei Beracha 18-19, Chochmas Adom 66:11, Mishna Brurah O.C. 328:63, Aruch Hashulchan 113:50, Kaf Hachaim Y.D. 113:89, Igros Moshe Y.D. 2:41, Kitzur Hilchos [[Bishul]] Akum (Berger) page 45:67. Refer to Matei Yehonosson 113:16, Pri [[Chadash]] 25, Kashrus 2:pages 13-20 in depth. See Shulchan Melachim 2:pages 943-951.</ref> and this is the overwhelming custom.<ref>Shulchan Aruch 113:16, Aruch Hashulchan 113:50, Chai Ha’Levi 5:54:1. Some say if the [[cooking]] was done in a Jewish home or Jewish establishment no hagalah is required since there are two sefikos. One doubt is if such utensils require hagalah and the other doubt is if there is [[bishul]] akum in a Jew’s home (Halichos Olom 7:page 104:footnote). </ref> The reason is that the food itself becomes forbidden, and the blios (absorption) from the food are considered as "machalas asuros."<ref>Toras Habayis 3:7:page 214 (new), Aruch Hashulchan 113:50. See Gr’a 113:40, 42. Refer to Tzitz Eliezer 22:44 in depth on this dispute. </ref> This applies even if the utensils were not used within twenty-four hours (eino ben-yomo) in which case the taste of the food is pogem (ill tasting).<ref>Ben Ish Chai Chukas 2:24, Kaf Hachaim 113:89-90, Chelkes Binyomin 113:138, [[Bishul]] Yisroel pages 373-374, opinion of Harav Falk Shlita stated in [[Bishul]] Yisroel (teshuvos) page 67. Refer to Chochmas Adom 66:12. See Darchei Teshuva 113:92 who brings a lenient opinion. See Rama O.C. 452:2, Mishna Brurah 20. The opinion of Harav Falk Shlita stated in [[Bishul]] Yisroel (teshuvos) pages 78-79 is that in time of need one can be lenient and do hagalah even within twenty-four hours. Refer to Chochmas Adom 66:12. </ref> Nonetheless, one can do hagalah (after waiting twenty-four hours)<ref>Kaf Hachaim 113:90, Chelkes Binyomin 113:142. </ref> for an earthenware utensil (which we normally do not kasher)<ref>Shulchan Aruch O.C. 451:22. </ref> three times and use it for kosher food.<ref>Bais Yosef 113, Shulchan Aruch 113:16, Toras Chatos 75:14, Levush 16, Chochmas Adom 66:11, Mishna Brurah O.C. 328:63, Aruch Hashulchan 113:50, Kaf Hachaim 95, see Gilyon Maharsha 113, Mishna Brurah 328:63, Shevet Ha’Levi 9:162:16. Refer to Shevet Ha’Levi 6:108:8, Kashrus 2:pages 237-238. </ref> This is common if a non-Jew used a crock-pot to cook food.<ref>Kitzur Hilchos [[Bishul]] Akum (Berger) page 46:70. </ref> | # There is a discussion in the poskim if food cooked by a non-Jew<ref>The Shach 113:20 says [[cooking]] for herself is more stringent because it is unlikely that a Jew will intervene. Refer to Prisha 113:17, Chochmas Adom 66:11. See Shulchan Melachim 2:pages 959-957.</ref> renders the pot treif.<ref>Some say if the [[cooking]] was not done in front of us then there is a concern of non-kosher being cooked and all would agree that hagalah is required (Chelkes Binyomin 113:134). </ref> Some poskim say that no hagalah (kashering) is required.<ref>Tosfot Harosh Avoda Zara 40a s.v. vani, Ritvah Meseches Avodah Zarah 38a, Issur V’heter 43:8, Shulchan Aruch 113:16, Levush 16, Shiurei Beracha 18. Refer to Hamesivta 5754:pages 123-125 who says most poskim hold no hagalah is required. </ref> Some explain that the main reason for the issur of [[bishul]] akum is because of intermarriage, and there is no socializing with flavor absorbed in the pot.<ref> Bedek Habayis 3:7:page 209 (new), G’ra 40, 42, See Aruch Hashulchan 113:50. </ref> However, many poskim maintain that hagalah is in fact required,<ref>Rashba in Toras Habayis 3:7 (end), Rashba Meseches Avodah Zarah 38a, Ran (teshuvos) 5:11, Toras Chatos 75:14, Tur, Bais Yosef, Shulchan Aruch 113:16, Levush 16, Shiurei Beracha 18-19, Chochmas Adom 66:11, Mishna Brurah O.C. 328:63, Aruch Hashulchan 113:50, Kaf Hachaim Y.D. 113:89, Igros Moshe Y.D. 2:41, Kitzur Hilchos [[Bishul]] Akum (Berger) page 45:67. Refer to Matei Yehonosson 113:16, Pri [[Chadash]] 25, Kashrus 2:pages 13-20 in depth. See Shulchan Melachim 2:pages 943-951.</ref> and this is the overwhelming custom.<ref>Shulchan Aruch 113:16, Aruch Hashulchan 113:50, Chai Ha’Levi 5:54:1. Some say if the [[cooking]] was done in a Jewish home or Jewish establishment no hagalah is required since there are two sefikos. One doubt is if such utensils require hagalah and the other doubt is if there is [[bishul]] akum in a Jew’s home (Halichos Olom 7:page 104:footnote). </ref> The reason is that the food itself becomes forbidden, and the blios (absorption) from the food are considered as "machalas asuros."<ref>Toras Habayis 3:7:page 214 (new), Aruch Hashulchan 113:50. See Gr’a 113:40, 42. Refer to Tzitz Eliezer 22:44 in depth on this dispute. </ref> This applies even if the utensils were not used within twenty-four hours (eino ben-yomo) in which case the taste of the food is pogem (ill tasting).<ref>Ben Ish Chai Chukas 2:24, Kaf Hachaim 113:89-90, Chelkes Binyomin 113:138, [[Bishul]] Yisroel pages 373-374, opinion of Harav Falk Shlita stated in [[Bishul]] Yisroel (teshuvos) page 67. Refer to Chochmas Adom 66:12. See Darchei Teshuva 113:92 who brings a lenient opinion. See Rama O.C. 452:2, Mishna Brurah 20. The opinion of Harav Falk Shlita stated in [[Bishul]] Yisroel (teshuvos) pages 78-79 is that in time of need one can be lenient and do hagalah even within twenty-four hours. Refer to Chochmas Adom 66:12. </ref> Nonetheless, one can do hagalah (after waiting twenty-four hours)<ref>Kaf Hachaim 113:90, Chelkes Binyomin 113:142. </ref> for an earthenware utensil (which we normally do not kasher)<ref>Shulchan Aruch O.C. 451:22. </ref> three times and use it for kosher food.<ref>Bais Yosef 113, Shulchan Aruch 113:16, Toras Chatos 75:14, Levush 16, Chochmas Adom 66:11, Mishna Brurah O.C. 328:63, Aruch Hashulchan 113:50, Kaf Hachaim 95, see Gilyon Maharsha 113, Mishna Brurah 328:63, Shevet Ha’Levi 9:162:16. Refer to Shevet Ha’Levi 6:108:8, Kashrus 2:pages 237-238. </ref> This is common if a non-Jew used a crock-pot to cook food.<ref>Kitzur Hilchos [[Bishul]] Akum (Berger) page 46:70. </ref> | ||
# An interesting question arises regarding kashering the utensils of a convert which were only used for kosher food. It would seem from the language of the Shulchan Aruch<ref>Y.D. 113:16. </ref> (when he discusses the obligation to kasher from [[bishul]] akum) that he does not require kashering.<ref>Opinion of Harav Herschel Schachter Shlita and Rabbi Ari Senter Shlita. Harav Yisroel Belsky Shlita added that the non-Jew before he converted did nothing wrong when [[cooking]] for himself so his utensils are not [[bishul]] akum (if they were used for kosher food). </ref> However, when the question arises one should discuss it with a competent Rav. | # An interesting question arises regarding kashering the utensils of a convert which were only used for kosher food. It would seem from the language of the Shulchan Aruch<ref>Y.D. 113:16. </ref> (when he discusses the obligation to kasher from [[bishul]] akum) that he does not require kashering.<ref>Opinion of Harav Herschel Schachter Shlita and Rabbi Ari Senter Shlita. Harav Yisroel Belsky Shlita added that the non-Jew before he converted did nothing wrong when [[cooking]] for himself so his utensils are not [[bishul]] akum (if they were used for kosher food). </ref> However, when the question arises one should discuss it with a competent Rav. | ||
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==Sephardim== | ==Sephardim== | ||
# Ideally, according to Sephardim, one should not eat in a restaurant where the food was not put on the fire by a Jew, regardless of who lit the flame. Rav Ovadia Yosef articulated a leniency to eat in a restaurant or hotel with Ashkenazic hashgacha that only makes sure that a Jew turns on the fire but not that a Jew is involved in the [[cooking]]. One should ask a qualified rabbi regarding how to apply this leniency in various situations, such as Jewish homes where the maid did some cooking, Shawarma cut by a non Jew, etc.<ref>Rav Ovadyah Yosef in Yechave Daat vol. 5 Siman 54, Yabia Omer vol. 9 Yoreh Deah 6, Halichot Olam vol. 7 page 120. See also Shu"t Rav Pealim vol. 3 Yoreh Deah Siman 9, [http://www.hebrewbooks.org/pdfpager.aspx?req=19979&st=&pgnum=31&hilite= Shu"t Ohr LeTzion vol 2. page 12], [http://www.otzar.org/wotzar/book.aspx?168477&pageid=P0347 Shu"t HaRav HaRoshi (R' Mordechai Eliyahu) 5750-5753 Siman 152 page 346], [http://www.otzar.org/wotzar/book.aspx?608029&pageid=0106 Shu"t Maamar Mordechai (Eliyahu vol. 3 Yoreh Deah Siman 4], Shu"t Minchat Yitzchak vol. 7 Siman 62, [http://www.hebrewbooks.org/pdfpager.aspx?req=52140&st=&pgnum=143 Shu"t Binyan Av (R' Eliyahu Bakhchi Doron) vol. 1 Siman 33], [http://www.hebrewbooks.org/pdfpager.aspx?req=52138&st=&pgnum=161 Shu"T Binyan Av vol. 3 Siman 35] and [http://www.hebrewbooks.org/pdfpager.aspx?req=52138&st=&pgnum=166&hilite= 36] and [http://www.hebrewbooks.org/pdfpager.aspx?req=52136&st=&pgnum=211 vol. 5 Siman 46], Ohr Torah ([http://www.otzar.org/wotzar/book.aspx?14604&pageid=P0187L Sivan 5752 page 363], Iyyar 5752, [http://www.otzar.org/wotzar/book.aspx?14604&pageid=P0396L Av 5752 Siman 155], [http://www.otzar.org/wotzar/book.aspx?154390&pageid=P0371 Adar 5764 Siman 94], [http://www.otzar.org/wotzar/book.aspx?154390&pageid=P0595 Iyyar 5764 Siman 88 page 559], [http://www.otzar.org/wotzar/book.aspx?154390&pageid=P0681 Sivan 5764 Siman 99]), [http://www.hebrewbooks.org/pdfpager.aspx?req=21865&st=&pgnum=112 Shu"t Shema Shlomo vol. 2 Yoreh Deah Siman 7-10], [http://www.hebrewbooks.org/pdfpager.aspx?req=48336&st=&pgnum=106 Shu"t Dibrot Eliyahu (Abergel) vol. 6 Yoreh Deah 55], [http://www.hebrewbooks.org/55063 Lilkot Shoshanim (R' Eliyahu Bochbot) vol. 5], [http://www.hebrewbooks.org/pdfpager.aspx?req=55207&st=&pgnum=296 Shu"t Divrei Benayahu (Dayan) vol. 17 Siman 29], [http://www.otzar.org/wotzar/book.aspx?23030&pageid=P0136 Shu"t Ateret Paz (R' Shmuel Pinchasi) vol. 1-2 Yoreh Deah Siman 2 page 102 and on], [http://www.otzar.org/wotzar/book.aspx?199834&pageid=19983400285 Ateret Avot vol. 3 page 273], [http://www.otzar.org/wotzar/book.aspx?28897&pageid=P0235 Shu"t Birkat Yehudah (R' Yehuda Bracha) vol. 1 Yoreh Deah 23-31], [http://www.hebrewbooks.org/pdfpager.aspx?req=51920&st=&pgnum=146 Shu"t Asher Chanan (Aflalo) vol. 3 Yoreh Deah 35], [http://www.otzar.org/wotzar/book.aspx?198010&pageid=19801000352 Shu"t Avnei Derech (Rav Elchanan Prince) vol. 8 Siman 528], [http://www.otzar.org/wotzar/book.aspx?194191&pageid=19419100513 Shu"t Avnei Derech vol. 9 page 513],[http://www.otzar.org/wotzar/book.aspx?199083&pageid=19908300235 Shu"t Avnei Derech vol. 10 Siman 86-88], and [https://www.srugim.co.il/126159-לספרדים-יש-בעיה-לקנות-שווארמה-כשהמוכר שו"ת: לספרדים יש בעיה לקנות שווארמה כשהמוכר ערבי] regarding the general issue and shwarma, [http://www.otzar.org/wotzar/book.aspx?194191&pageid=19419100286 Shu"t Avnei Derech vol. 9 Siman 99] and [http://www.otzar.org/wotzar/book.aspx?199083&pageid=19908300453 vol. 10 page 453] regarding sushi, [https://oukosher.org/content/uploads/2014/02/2014.02.pdf OU Daf HaKashrus Adar 5774], Banim Chavivim (R' Eli Yanay) page 483, and the Further Reading section below.</ref> | # Ideally, according to Sephardim, one should not eat in a restaurant where the food was not put on the fire by a Jew, regardless of who lit the flame. Rav Ovadia Yosef articulated a leniency to eat in a restaurant or hotel with Ashkenazic hashgacha that only makes sure that a Jew turns on the fire but not that a Jew is involved in the [[cooking]]. One should ask a qualified rabbi regarding how to apply this leniency in various situations, such as Jewish homes where the maid did some cooking, Shawarma cut by a non Jew, etc.<ref>Rav Ovadyah Yosef in Yechave Daat vol. 5 Siman 54, Yabia Omer vol. 9 Yoreh Deah 6, Halichot Olam vol. 7 page 120. Patbag Hamelech p. 69 writes that initially one can be lenient but it is proper to be strict, however, Divrei Dovid YD 4:18 disagrees and encourages using a strongly language to be strict and only those who can't be strict have what to rely upon to be lenient. See also Shu"t Rav Pealim vol. 3 Yoreh Deah Siman 9, [http://www.hebrewbooks.org/pdfpager.aspx?req=19979&st=&pgnum=31&hilite= Shu"t Ohr LeTzion vol 2. page 12], [http://www.otzar.org/wotzar/book.aspx?168477&pageid=P0347 Shu"t HaRav HaRoshi (R' Mordechai Eliyahu) 5750-5753 Siman 152 page 346], [http://www.otzar.org/wotzar/book.aspx?608029&pageid=0106 Shu"t Maamar Mordechai (Eliyahu vol. 3 Yoreh Deah Siman 4], Shu"t Minchat Yitzchak vol. 7 Siman 62, [http://www.hebrewbooks.org/pdfpager.aspx?req=52140&st=&pgnum=143 Shu"t Binyan Av (R' Eliyahu Bakhchi Doron) vol. 1 Siman 33], [http://www.hebrewbooks.org/pdfpager.aspx?req=52138&st=&pgnum=161 Shu"T Binyan Av vol. 3 Siman 35] and [http://www.hebrewbooks.org/pdfpager.aspx?req=52138&st=&pgnum=166&hilite= 36] and [http://www.hebrewbooks.org/pdfpager.aspx?req=52136&st=&pgnum=211 vol. 5 Siman 46], Ohr Torah ([http://www.otzar.org/wotzar/book.aspx?14604&pageid=P0187L Sivan 5752 page 363], Iyyar 5752, [http://www.otzar.org/wotzar/book.aspx?14604&pageid=P0396L Av 5752 Siman 155], [http://www.otzar.org/wotzar/book.aspx?154390&pageid=P0371 Adar 5764 Siman 94], [http://www.otzar.org/wotzar/book.aspx?154390&pageid=P0595 Iyyar 5764 Siman 88 page 559], [http://www.otzar.org/wotzar/book.aspx?154390&pageid=P0681 Sivan 5764 Siman 99]), [http://www.hebrewbooks.org/pdfpager.aspx?req=21865&st=&pgnum=112 Shu"t Shema Shlomo vol. 2 Yoreh Deah Siman 7-10], [http://www.hebrewbooks.org/pdfpager.aspx?req=48336&st=&pgnum=106 Shu"t Dibrot Eliyahu (Abergel) vol. 6 Yoreh Deah 55], [http://www.hebrewbooks.org/55063 Lilkot Shoshanim (R' Eliyahu Bochbot) vol. 5], [http://www.hebrewbooks.org/pdfpager.aspx?req=55207&st=&pgnum=296 Shu"t Divrei Benayahu (Dayan) vol. 17 Siman 29], [http://www.otzar.org/wotzar/book.aspx?23030&pageid=P0136 Shu"t Ateret Paz (R' Shmuel Pinchasi) vol. 1-2 Yoreh Deah Siman 2 page 102 and on], [http://www.otzar.org/wotzar/book.aspx?199834&pageid=19983400285 Ateret Avot vol. 3 page 273], [http://www.otzar.org/wotzar/book.aspx?28897&pageid=P0235 Shu"t Birkat Yehudah (R' Yehuda Bracha) vol. 1 Yoreh Deah 23-31], [http://www.hebrewbooks.org/pdfpager.aspx?req=51920&st=&pgnum=146 Shu"t Asher Chanan (Aflalo) vol. 3 Yoreh Deah 35], [http://www.otzar.org/wotzar/book.aspx?198010&pageid=19801000352 Shu"t Avnei Derech (Rav Elchanan Prince) vol. 8 Siman 528], [http://www.otzar.org/wotzar/book.aspx?194191&pageid=19419100513 Shu"t Avnei Derech vol. 9 page 513],[http://www.otzar.org/wotzar/book.aspx?199083&pageid=19908300235 Shu"t Avnei Derech vol. 10 Siman 86-88], and [https://www.srugim.co.il/126159-לספרדים-יש-בעיה-לקנות-שווארמה-כשהמוכר שו"ת: לספרדים יש בעיה לקנות שווארמה כשהמוכר ערבי] regarding the general issue and shwarma, [http://www.otzar.org/wotzar/book.aspx?194191&pageid=19419100286 Shu"t Avnei Derech vol. 9 Siman 99] and [http://www.otzar.org/wotzar/book.aspx?199083&pageid=19908300453 vol. 10 page 453] regarding sushi, [https://oukosher.org/content/uploads/2014/02/2014.02.pdf OU Daf HaKashrus Adar 5774], Banim Chavivim (R' Eli Yanay) page 483, and the Further Reading section below.</ref> | ||
==Credits== | ==Credits== | ||
