Bishul: Difference between revisions

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# The methods by which cooking can be violated include cooking, baking, roasting, broiling, frying, and microwaving. <Ref>
# The methods by which cooking can be violated include cooking, baking, roasting, broiling, frying, and microwaving. <Ref>
* Rambam (Shabbat 9:5) counts both roasting and frying as Bishul. Iglei Tal (Ofeh 1:1) explains that Rambam is counting ways to violate the Av in the first five Halachot of the chapter and from there and on he counts Toldot. However Lechem Mishna (Shabbat 8:12) says that since there’s no Nafka Minah between an Av and Toldah the Rambam wasn’t specific about differentiating them. Thus, Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:1 rules that cooking by either of these methods are forbidden deoritta. For further clarification, Shabbos Kitchen (p. 1) includes baking, roasting, broiling, and frying.
* Rambam (Shabbat 9:5) counts both roasting and frying as Bishul. Iglei Tal (Ofeh 1:1) explains that Rambam is counting ways to violate the Av in the first five Halachot of the chapter and from there and on he counts Toldot. However Lechem Mishna (Shabbat 8:12) says that since there’s no Nafka Minah between an Av and Toldah the Rambam wasn’t specific about differentiating them. Thus, Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:1 rules that cooking by either of these methods are forbidden deoritta. For further clarification, Shabbos Kitchen (p. 1) includes baking, roasting, broiling, and frying.
* Igrot Moshe 3:52 writes that cooking with a microwave is also a Biblical prohibition of Bishul. Shabbos Kitchen (p. 2) agrees. </ref> Similarly, Bishul is violated by cooking with any heating element that reaches 113 degrees Fahrenheit including kerosene, gas or electric stove, hotplate, steamer, gas or electric oven. <Ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:1 and 1:4 writes that Bishul is violated with any heating element that reaches 113 degrees Fahrenheit including kerosene, gas or electric stove, hotplate, steamer, gas or electric oven. Shabbos Kitchen (p. 2) agrees. </ref>
* Igrot Moshe 3:52 writes that cooking with a microwave is also a Biblical prohibition of Bishul. Shabbos Kitchen (p. 2) agrees. </ref> Similarly, Bishul is violated by cooking with any heating element that reaches 113 degrees Fahrenheit including kerosene, gas or electric stove, hotplate, steamer, gas or electric oven. <Ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:1 and 1:4 writes that Bishul is violated with any heating element that reaches 113 degrees Fahrenheit including kerosene, gas or electric stove, hotplate, steamer, gas or electric oven. Shabbos Kitchen (p. 2) agrees. 39 Melachos (vol 2 pg 568) writes that cooking in a Kli Rishon, whether it is on or off the fire, where the food will reach 110 degrees is a violation of Bishul Deoritta. </ref>
===Examples of Bishul with non-foods===
===Examples of Bishul with non-foods===
# It's forbidden to melt off wax droplets using fire or hot water. <ref> 39 Melachos (vol 2 pg 553) </ref>
# It's forbidden to melt off wax droplets using fire or hot water. <ref> 39 Melachos (vol 2 pg 553) </ref>
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# It’s forbidden to use an oven which is thermostatically controlled since opening or closing the door will likely cause the flame to be increased. <Ref> Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:29 </ref>
# It’s forbidden to use an oven which is thermostatically controlled since opening or closing the door will likely cause the flame to be increased. <Ref> Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:29 </ref>


==Cooking on a covered fire==
==Cooking in a Kli Rishon==
# It’s permissible to cover a fire with a metal tray upside down (which both diminishes it’s heat and makes it’s clear that one is not cooking the same one would during the week) and then place a pot of fully cooked food that is still slightly warm (having been on a fire earlier from before [[Shabbat]]). <Ref> Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:23 </ref>
# It’s forbidden to put any food, liquid or solid, cooked or non-cooked, hot or cold, in a pot on the fire (Kli Rishon) even if one intends to remove it right away. <Ref> Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:12, 39 Melachos (vol 2 pg 572) </ref>
 
# A Kli Rishon is a pot that was in contact with a fire or heat source. It continues to have the status of Kli Rishon if removed from the fire as long as it is 113 degrees. <Ref> Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:2, 39 Melachos (vol 2 pg 572) </ref>
==Cooking in a Kli Rishon on the fire==
# A ladle can be considered a Kli Rishon if it was inserted in a hot Kli Rishon, and certainly if it was left in there for some time. <Ref> Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:48 </ref>  
# It’s forbidden to put any food, liquid or solid, cooked or non-cooked, hot or cold, in a pot on the fire even if one intends to remove it right away. <Ref> Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:12, 39 Melachos (vol 2 pg 572) </ref>
# In general, no uncooked food, solid or liquid, may be placed in a Kli Rishon even if the food is hot and the Kli Rishon is off the fire. <Ref> Shemirat [[Shabbat]] KeHilchata 1:6 </ref>
# Cooking in a Kli Rishon on or off the fire where the food reaches 110 degrees is a violation of Bishul Deoritta. <Ref>39 Melachos (vol 2 pg 568) </ref>
# One may not put down a hot pot on top of a wet counter top because doing so will heat up the water droplets. <ref> [http://www.dailyhalacha.com/displayRead.asp?readID=577 Rabbi Mansour on Dailyhalacha.com] </ref>
 
==Cooking in a Kli Rishon off the fire==
# A Kli Rishon is a pot that was in contact with a fire or heat source and is still a Kli Rishon if removed from the fire as long as it is 113 degrees. <Ref> Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:2, 39 Melachos (vol 2 pg 572) </ref>
# A ladle can be considered a Kli Rishon if it was inserted in a hot Kli Rishon all the more so if it was left in there. <Ref> Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:48 </ref>  
# Food or liquid that’s not fully cooked may not be placed in a Kli Rishon (a pot removed from fire that’s hotter than 113 degrees Fahrenheit) even if the food is hot and the Kli Rishon is off the fire. <Ref> Shemirat [[Shabbat]] KeHilchata. 1:6 </ref>
# One may not put down a hot pot on a wet counter top. <ref> http://www.dailyhalacha.com/displayRead.asp?readID=577 </ref>
===Fully cooked liquids===
===Fully cooked liquids===
# According to Ashkenazim it’s permitted to place a fully cooked liquid in a Kli Rishon that’s off the fire as long as the liquid is still warm (it hasn’t completely cooled since being heated). <Ref> Mishna Brurah 318:24 bringing the Rama 318:15 even in the case of a Kli Rishon, Shemirat [[Shabbat]] KeHilchata. 1:7,15, Shabbos Kitchen (pg 41-3) </ref>
# According to Ashkenazim, it’s permitted to place a fully cooked liquid in a Kli Rishon that’s off the fire as long as the liquid is still warm (it hasn’t completely cooled since being heated). <Ref> Mishna Brurah 318:24 bringing the Rama 318:15 even in the case of a Kli Rishon, Shemirat [[Shabbat]] KeHilchata. 1:7,15, Shabbos Kitchen (pg 41-3) </ref>
# According to Sephardim, it’s permissible to pour fully cooked hot liquid into a Kli Rishon only if the liquid is still 113 degrees. <Ref> S”A 318:4 writes that if the liquid has cooled it may not be poured into a kli rishon. Mishna Brurah 318:24 explains that it must be Yad Soldet Bo according to S”A in order to pour it into a kli rishon. </ref>
# According to Sephardim, it’s permissible to pour fully cooked hot liquid into a Kli Rishon only if the liquid is still 113 degrees. <Ref> S”A 318:4 writes that if the liquid has cooled it may not be poured into a kli rishon. Mishna Brurah 318:24 explains that it must be Yad Soldet Bo according to S”A in order to pour it into a kli rishon. </ref>
# Fully cooked liquid which has cooled (since it was heated originally while cooking) even if it became warm after it was cooked may not be reheated in a Kli Rishon and the contents of a Kli Rishon may not be poured into in. <Ref> Shemirat [[Shabbat]] KeHilchata. 1:8(1), 39 Melachos (vol 2 pg 563)  </ref>
# Fully cooked liquid which has cooled (since it was heated originally while cooking) even if it became warm after it was cooked may not be reheated in a Kli Rishon and the contents of a Kli Rishon may not be poured into in. <Ref> Shemirat [[Shabbat]] KeHilchata. 1:8(1), 39 Melachos (vol 2 pg 563)  </ref>
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# Course salt according to many authorities may be placed in a Kli Rishon which was removed from the fire because it doesn’t cook in a Kli Rishon, however, table salt can be placed in a Kli Rishon because it is cooked in the processing. # It’s forbidden to put any uncooked solids or liquids into a Kli Rishon on the fire. <Ref>39 Melachos (vol 2 pg 574) </ref>
# Course salt according to many authorities may be placed in a Kli Rishon which was removed from the fire because it doesn’t cook in a Kli Rishon, however, table salt can be placed in a Kli Rishon because it is cooked in the processing. # It’s forbidden to put any uncooked solids or liquids into a Kli Rishon on the fire. <Ref>39 Melachos (vol 2 pg 574) </ref>
# It’s permissible to place a baby bottle of milk in a Kli Rishon which is off the fire and there’s a lot of milk in the bottle that it’s impossible that the milk will reach 113 degrees (if left in the Kli Rishon). <Ref> Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:50 </ref>
# It’s permissible to place a baby bottle of milk in a Kli Rishon which is off the fire and there’s a lot of milk in the bottle that it’s impossible that the milk will reach 113 degrees (if left in the Kli Rishon). <Ref> Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:50 </ref>
# It’s permissible to pour a large amount of cold water into hot water in a Kli Rishon (which is off the fire) as long as the mixture thereby becomes less than 113 degrees and that the pouring is done in one swift action. <Ref> Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:52 </ref>
# It’s permissible to pour a large amount of cold water into hot water in a Kli Rishon which is off the fire as long as the mixture thereby becomes less than 113 degrees and that the pouring is done in one swift action. <Ref> Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:52 </ref>


===Transferring food from one pot to another===
===Transferring food from one pot to another===
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# Hot liquid poured from a Kli Rishon cooks to the same extent as a Kli Rishon on the outer layer of the substance it hits. <Ref>39 Melachos (vol 2 pg 575) </ref>
# Hot liquid poured from a Kli Rishon cooks to the same extent as a Kli Rishon on the outer layer of the substance it hits. <Ref>39 Melachos (vol 2 pg 575) </ref>
# It’s forbidden to pour from a Kli Rishon onto cold liquid or non-fully cooked solids. <Ref> Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:46, 39 Melachos (vol 2 pg 575) </ref>
# It’s forbidden to pour from a Kli Rishon onto cold liquid or non-fully cooked solids. <Ref> Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:46, 39 Melachos (vol 2 pg 575) </ref>
# According to Sephardim, it’s forbidden to pour water from a boiling pot to another pot that’s on the fire. <ref> S”A 253:4, Halichot olam vol 4 pg 61, Sh”t Yechava Daat 4:22, Or Letzion (vol 2), http://www.dailyhalacha.com/displayRead.asp?readID=1632&txtSearch=pouring%20water </ref> However, according to Ashkenazim it’s permissible. <Ref>Mishna Brurah 253:85 </ref>
# According to Sephardim, it’s forbidden to pour water from a boiling pot to another pot that’s on the fire. <ref> S”A 253:4, Halichot olam vol 4 pg 61, Sh”t Yechava Daat 4:22, Or Letzion (vol 2), [http://www.dailyhalacha.com/displayRead.asp?readID=1632 Rabbi Mansour on Dailyhalacha.com] </ref> However, according to Ashkenazim it’s permissible. <Ref>Mishna Brurah 253:85 </ref>
## If one found one’s chullent burning in the morning, according to Sephardim it’s forbidden to pour boiling water into the Crock pot and would only be permissible if one first transferred the Chullent into a Kli Sheni and then poured in the boiling water. <Ref>Yalkut Yosef ([[Shabbat]] vol 1 pg 107), Sh”t Yechava Daat 4:22 </ref>  
## If one found one’s chullent burning in the morning, according to Sephardim it’s forbidden to pour boiling water into the Crock pot and would only be permissible if one first transferred the Chullent into a Kli Sheni and then poured in the boiling water. <Ref>Yalkut Yosef ([[Shabbat]] vol 1 pg 107), Sh”t Yechava Daat 4:22 </ref>  
# It’s permissible to pour from a Kli Rishon onto a baby bottle filled with milk (even if it’s cold and uncooked) since the pouring only cooks the outer layer and in this case it’s the bottle (which doesn’t cook at this temperature), however, one should be careful that the bottle isn’t completely covered by the hot water. <Ref> Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:50 </ref>
# It’s permissible to pour from a Kli Rishon onto a baby bottle filled with milk (even if it’s cold and uncooked) since the pouring only cooks the outer layer and in this case it’s the bottle (which doesn’t cook at this temperature), however, one should be careful that the bottle isn’t completely covered by the hot water. <Ref> Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:50 </ref>
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# Another preferable method is to prepare "tea essence" by cooking a tea bag before [[Shabbat]], saving the flavored liquid, and putting it into a Kli Sheni (a cup with hot water which was poured from an urn). <ref>Mishna Brurah 318:39 </ref>
# Another preferable method is to prepare "tea essence" by cooking a tea bag before [[Shabbat]], saving the flavored liquid, and putting it into a Kli Sheni (a cup with hot water which was poured from an urn). <ref>Mishna Brurah 318:39 </ref>
# Lastly, if one didn't prepare tea essence before [[Shabbat]] some poskim are lenient to make tea using a Kli Shelishi by pouring boiling water from an urn to a cup (Kli Sheni) and from that cup to another cup (Kli Shelishi) and putting the tea bag in the Kli Shelishi. <ref> Igrot Moshe 4:74(15) writes that a Kli Shelishi doesn't cook at all and so it's permissible to put a tea bag in a Kli Shelishi. This is also the opinion of the 39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 661). There are some who disagreed with this idea, namely the Aruch HaShulchan 318:28 and Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:63 (in the new edition, see note 192). [The Mishna Brurah 318:39 clearly leave out this option implying that it's not a valid alternative. [http://www.yutorah.org/lectures/lecture.cfm/735738/Rabbi_Aryeh_Lebowitz/Making_Tea_on_Shabbos Rabbi Aryeh Lebowitz] writes "The Mishna Brurah writes that one may not cook tea even in a Kli Shelishi." and in a [http://www.yutorah.org/lectures/lecture.cfm/754922/Rabbi_Aryeh_Lebowitz/Ten_Minute_Halacha_-_Making_Tea_on_Shabbos Ten Minute Halacha] repeats the same statement which seemingly is inaccurate as the Mishna Brurah actually makes no mention of Kli Shelishi at all.]  
# Lastly, if one didn't prepare tea essence before [[Shabbat]] some poskim are lenient to make tea using a Kli Shelishi by pouring boiling water from an urn to a cup (Kli Sheni) and from that cup to another cup (Kli Shelishi) and putting the tea bag in the Kli Shelishi. <ref> Igrot Moshe 4:74(15) writes that a Kli Shelishi doesn't cook at all and so it's permissible to put a tea bag in a Kli Shelishi. This is also the opinion of the 39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 661). There are some who disagreed with this idea, namely the Aruch HaShulchan 318:28 and Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:63 (in the new edition, see note 192). [The Mishna Brurah 318:39 clearly leave out this option implying that it's not a valid alternative. [http://www.yutorah.org/lectures/lecture.cfm/735738/Rabbi_Aryeh_Lebowitz/Making_Tea_on_Shabbos Rabbi Aryeh Lebowitz] writes "The Mishna Brurah writes that one may not cook tea even in a Kli Shelishi." and in a [http://www.yutorah.org/lectures/lecture.cfm/754922/Rabbi_Aryeh_Lebowitz/Ten_Minute_Halacha_-_Making_Tea_on_Shabbos Ten Minute Halacha] repeats the same statement which seemingly is inaccurate as the Mishna Brurah actually makes no mention of Kli Shelishi at all.]  
* Sh”t Shevet HaLevi 1:90 writes that there’s an issue of putting tea leaves in a kli rishon on [[Shabbat]] even if they were put in boiling water before [[Shabbat]]. However if the leaves were totally cooked there’s no issue of putting them in a kli rishon on [[Shabbat]]. </ref>
* Sh”t Shevet HaLevi 1:90 writes that there’s an issue of putting tea leaves in a kli rishon on [[Shabbat]] even if they were put in boiling water before [[Shabbat]]. However, if the leaves were totally cooked there’s no issue of putting them in a kli rishon on [[Shabbat]]. </ref>
==References==
==References==
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