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Bishul: Difference between revisions
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This article discusses the prohibition of cooking on Shabbat and its practical ramifications. For the topic of cooking on Yom Tov, please see the [[Cooking on Yom Tov]] page. | |||
==General Guidelines of Bishul== | ==General Guidelines of Bishul== | ||
# The prohibition of Bishul, cooking on Shabbat, is a general classification which includes heating up any substance, food or non-food, until a property of the substance changes. <Ref> The Mishna (Shabbat 73a) says baking bread is one of the 39 melachot. The Gemara (74b) includes cooking dyes as a violation of the melacha as well. This is codified as halacha by Rambam (Shabbat 9:1) and Tur 318:1. 39 Melachos (vol 2 pg 553) defines this prohibition precisely as heating up any substance, food or non-food, until a property of the substance changes. </ref> | # The prohibition of Bishul, cooking on Shabbat, is a general classification which includes heating up any substance, food or non-food, until a property of the substance changes. <Ref> The Mishna (Shabbat 73a) says baking bread is one of the 39 melachot. The Gemara (74b) includes cooking dyes as a violation of the melacha as well. This is codified as halacha by Rambam (Shabbat 9:1) and Tur 318:1. 39 Melachos (vol 2 pg 553) defines this prohibition precisely as heating up any substance, food or non-food, until a property of the substance changes. </ref> | ||
# The methods by which cooking can be violated include cooking, baking, roasting, broiling, frying, and microwaving. <Ref> | # The methods by which cooking can be violated include cooking, baking, roasting, broiling, frying, and microwaving. <Ref> | ||
* Rambam (Shabbat 9:5) counts both roasting and frying as Bishul. Iglei Tal (Ofeh 1:1) explains that Rambam is counting ways to violate the Av in the first five Halachot of the chapter and from there and on he counts Toldot. However Lechem Mishna (Shabbat 8:12) says that since there’s no Nafka Minah between an Av and Toldah the Rambam wasn’t specific about differentiating them. Thus, Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:1 rules that cooking by either of these methods are forbidden deoritta. For further clarification, Shabbos Kitchen (p. 1) includes baking, roasting, broiling, and frying. | * Rambam (Shabbat 9:5) counts both roasting and frying as Bishul. Iglei Tal (Ofeh 1:1) explains that Rambam is counting ways to violate the Av in the first five Halachot of the chapter and from there and on he counts Toldot. However Lechem Mishna (Shabbat 8:12) says that since there’s no Nafka Minah between an Av and Toldah the Rambam wasn’t specific about differentiating them. Thus, Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:1 rules that cooking by either of these methods are forbidden deoritta. For further clarification, Shabbos Kitchen (p. 1) includes baking, roasting, broiling, and frying. | ||
* Igrot Moshe 3:52 writes that cooking with a microwave is also a Biblical prohibition of Bishul. Shabbos Kitchen ( | * Igrot Moshe 3:52 writes that cooking with a microwave is also a Biblical prohibition of Bishul. 39 Melachos (Rav Ribiat; pg 589) and Shabbos Kitchen (Rabbi Simcha Bunim Cohen; pg 2) agree. </ref> Similarly, Bishul is violated by cooking with any heating element that reaches 113 degrees Fahrenheit including kerosene, gas or electric stove, hotplate, steamer, gas or electric oven. <Ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:1 and 1:4 writes that Bishul is violated with any heating element that reaches 113 degrees Fahrenheit including kerosene, gas or electric stove, hotplate, steamer, gas or electric oven. Shabbos Kitchen (p. 2) agrees. 39 Melachos (vol 2 pg 568) writes that cooking in a Kli Rishon, whether it is on or off the fire, where the food will reach 110 degrees is a violation of Bishul Deoritta. </ref> | ||
===Examples of Bishul with non-foods=== | ===Examples of Bishul with non-foods=== | ||
# It's forbidden to melt off wax droplets using fire or hot water. <ref> 39 Melachos (vol 2 pg 553) </ref> | # It's forbidden to melt off wax droplets using fire or hot water. <ref> 39 Melachos (vol 2 pg 553) </ref> | ||
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# It is permitted to put a spoon or ladle inside a pot taken off the fire as long as one is careful that the spoon or ladle is free from any remnants of water or uncooked food. <Ref> Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:34 </ref> | # It is permitted to put a spoon or ladle inside a pot taken off the fire as long as one is careful that the spoon or ladle is free from any remnants of water or uncooked food. <Ref> Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:34 </ref> | ||
==Cooking on | ==Cooking on a stove== | ||
# It’s forbidden to place anything on an electric stove unless it is covered. <Ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:24 </ref> | # It’s forbidden to place anything on an electric stove unless it is covered. <Ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:24 </ref> | ||
# Before [[Shabbat]], it’s permissible to leave cooked food on a covered electric stove which is set on a timer to begin operating on [[Shabbat]]. <Ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:26 </ref> In such a case, one may not place food on the covered stove on [[Shabbat]] even before it began operating. <Ref> Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:26 </ref> | # Before [[Shabbat]], it’s permissible to leave cooked food on a covered electric stove which is set on a timer to begin operating on [[Shabbat]]. <Ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:26 </ref> In such a case, one may not place food on the covered stove on [[Shabbat]] even before it began operating. <Ref> Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:26 </ref> | ||
# If the flame on the stove goes out and the gas is escaping, it’s permissible to turn off the tap. Preferably, this should be done with a variation (such as using the back of one’s hand, or one’s elbow). <Ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:28 </ref> | |||
==Cooking in a Kli Sheni== | ==Cooking in a Kli Sheni== | ||
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==Cooking in a Kli Shelishi== | ==Cooking in a Kli Shelishi== | ||
# Some forbid putting tea leaves in a Kli Shelishi, and some permit. According to those who forbid, one should make tea essence before [[Shabbat]] and pour it into hot water of a Kli Sheni on [[Shabbat]]. <ref> Chazon Ish 52:19, Aruch HaShulchan 318:28, Shabbos Kitchen (Rabbi Simcha Bunim Kohen; pg 32) hold that tea leaves are food that are easily cooked and a Kli Shelishi is no different than a Kli Sheni. However, Igrot Moshe 4:74 bishul#15 permits putting tea leaves in a Kli Shelishi since he holds that a Kli Shelishi can’t cook at all. According to those who forbid, Mishna Brurah 319:39 writes that one should make tea essence before [[Shabbat]] and then pour it into hot water of a Kli Sheni on [[Shabbat]]. See Sh”t Shevet Halevi 1:90 who argues on the advise of the Mishna Brurah to cook the leaves before [[Shabbat]] and then again on [[Shabbat]] because Sh”t Maharam Shik 132 suggest that there may be bishul acher bishul with the tea leaves. </ref> | # Some forbid putting tea leaves in a Kli Shelishi, and some permit. According to those who forbid, one should make tea essence before [[Shabbat]] and pour it into hot water of a Kli Sheni on [[Shabbat]]. <ref> Chazon Ish 52:19, Aruch HaShulchan 318:28, Shabbos Kitchen (Rabbi Simcha Bunim Kohen; pg 32) hold that tea leaves are food that are easily cooked and a Kli Shelishi is no different than a Kli Sheni. However, Igrot Moshe 4:74 bishul#15 permits putting tea leaves in a Kli Shelishi since he holds that a Kli Shelishi can’t cook at all. According to those who forbid, Mishna Brurah 319:39 writes that one should make tea essence before [[Shabbat]] and then pour it into hot water of a Kli Sheni on [[Shabbat]]. See Sh”t Shevet Halevi 1:90 who argues on the advise of the Mishna Brurah to cook the leaves before [[Shabbat]] and then again on [[Shabbat]] because Sh”t Maharam Shik 132 suggest that there may be bishul acher bishul with the tea leaves. </ref> | ||
## Some say there’s an issue of putting tea leaves in a kli rishon on [[Shabbat]] even if they were put in boiling water before [[Shabbat]]. However if the leaves were totally cooked there’s no issue of putting them in a kli rishon on [[Shabbat]]. <Ref> Sh”t Shevet HaLevi 1:90 </ref> | ## Some say there’s an issue of putting tea leaves in a kli rishon on [[Shabbat]] even if they were put in boiling water before [[Shabbat]]. However, if the leaves were totally cooked there’s no issue of putting them in a kli rishon on [[Shabbat]]. <Ref> Sh”t Shevet HaLevi 1:90 </ref> | ||
# A fully baked (dry heat), roasted, or fried food may be cooked(liquid heat) in a Kli Shelishi. Therefore if soup was ladled from a pot into a bowl it’s permissible to place bread in the bowl. <Ref> Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:59 </ref> | # A fully baked (dry heat), roasted, or fried food may be cooked (liquid heat) in a Kli Shelishi. Therefore, if soup was ladled from a pot into a bowl it’s permissible to place bread in the bowl. <Ref> Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:59 </ref> | ||
==One pot on top of another== | ==One pot on top of another== | ||
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* make sure one doesn’t pour directly onto moist or wet dishes rather one should fill a basin and then put in one’s wet dishes or preferably pour the hot water into a container and from there into a basin and then put inside it the wet dishes. <Ref> The 39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2 pg 640-1) </ref> | * make sure one doesn’t pour directly onto moist or wet dishes rather one should fill a basin and then put in one’s wet dishes or preferably pour the hot water into a container and from there into a basin and then put inside it the wet dishes. <Ref> The 39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2 pg 640-1) </ref> | ||
==Making Tea on Shabbat== | ==Making Tea on Shabbat== | ||
# According to many poskim tea leaves are considered foods which cook easily and could cook in a Kli Sheni and therefore it's forbidden to put a tea bag in a cup and pour upon it boiling water from the urn nor may the tea bag be put in a cup in which water was poured from an urn. <ref> Mishna Brurah 318:39, Aruch Hashulchan 318:28, 39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 660). | # According to many poskim tea leaves are considered foods which cook easily and could cook in a Kli Sheni and therefore it's forbidden to put a tea bag in a cup and pour upon it boiling water from the urn nor may the tea bag be put in a cup in which water was poured from an urn. <ref> Mishna Brurah 318:39, Aruch Hashulchan 318:28, 39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 660). | ||
