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Bishul: Difference between revisions

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# Because the most practical cases of Bishul apply to food, this is the category we will deal with extensively.  
# Because the most practical cases of Bishul apply to food, this is the category we will deal with extensively.  
# Just in order to clarify, but not for practical ramifications, the Biblical prohibition is violated for solids, when one has cooked it for a third of the time usually needed to cook, and for liquids, when one heats it up to 110 degrees Fahrenheit. However, one can also violate the Biblical prohibition of Bishul by continuing to cook the food until it’s fully cooked. (For more details about the limitations of Biblical prohibition, see the footnote). <Ref>
# Just in order to clarify, but not for practical ramifications, the Biblical prohibition is violated for solids, when one has cooked it for a third of the time usually needed to cook, and for liquids, when one heats it up to 110 degrees Fahrenheit. However, one can also violate the Biblical prohibition of Bishul by continuing to cook the food until it’s fully cooked. (For more details about the limitations of Biblical prohibition, see the footnote). <Ref>
* What does the Biblical prohibition of Bishul entail?
* <span id="Bishul Deoritta"></span>What does the Biblical prohibition of Bishul entail?
* For non-foods, 39 Melachos (vol 2 pg 553) writes that the Biblical prohibition is only violated when a property of the substance is changed.  
* For non-foods, 39 Melachos (vol 2 pg 553) writes that the Biblical prohibition is only violated when a property of the substance is changed.  
* For solid food, 39 Melachos (vol 2 pg 553) writes that the Biblical prohibition is only violated when the food is changed from being inedible to edible. There is a dispute in the Rishonim about what is considered a minimal standard of edible for which it will be considered a violation of Bishul deoritta. Rashi Shabbat 20a D"H Ben Dursai holds that Bishul Deoritta is violated when it reaches half of it's cooking, while the Rambam Shabbat 9:5 holds that once it's reached a third of it's cooking one has violated Bishul Doeritta. Mishna Brurah 253:38 rules like the Rambam. Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:5 and Shabbos Kitchen (p. 3) agree. 39 Melachos (vol 2, pg 555) and Shabbos Kitchen (p. 3) explain that a third and a half refer to the time that the food would take to cook fully.
* For solid food, 39 Melachos (vol 2 pg 553) writes that the Biblical prohibition is only violated when the food is changed from being inedible to edible. There is a dispute in the Rishonim about what is considered a minimal standard of edible for which it will be considered a violation of Bishul deoritta. Rashi Shabbat 20a D"H Ben Dursai holds that Bishul Deoritta is violated when it reaches half of it's cooking, while the Rambam Shabbat 9:5 holds that once it's reached a third of it's cooking one has violated Bishul Doeritta. Mishna Brurah 253:38 rules like the Rambam. Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:5 and Shabbos Kitchen (p. 3) agree. 39 Melachos (vol 2, pg 555) and Shabbos Kitchen (p. 3) explain that a third and a half refer to the time that the food would take to cook fully.
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# Similarly, if one turned on one's water urn right before Shabbat and the water isn't yet boiling, one may not take out water because in doing so one will hasten the cooking of the rest of the water remaining in the urn. <Ref> 39 Melachos (vol 2 pg 559), Shabbos Kitchen (p. 8). See, however, Minchat Yitzchak 3:137. </ref>
# Similarly, if one turned on one's water urn right before Shabbat and the water isn't yet boiling, one may not take out water because in doing so one will hasten the cooking of the rest of the water remaining in the urn. <Ref> 39 Melachos (vol 2 pg 559), Shabbos Kitchen (p. 8). See, however, Minchat Yitzchak 3:137. </ref>
# It is forbidden to cover a pot, even if it is on the blech, as long as the food isn’t fully cooked because covering it hastens the cooking process. Thus, one must beware not to open the cover of any pot on the blech, because one will not be permitted to return it to the pot. <Ref>S”A 257:4, Shabbos Kitchen (p. 9) </ref>
# It is forbidden to cover a pot, even if it is on the blech, as long as the food isn’t fully cooked because covering it hastens the cooking process. Thus, one must beware not to open the cover of any pot on the blech, because one will not be permitted to return it to the pot. <Ref>S”A 257:4, Shabbos Kitchen (p. 9) </ref>
# Another important ramification of this halacha is stirring food on the fire. See the relevant halachot below.
# Another important ramification of this halacha is stirring food on the fire. See the relevant halachot [[Stirring hot food|below]].
 
==Heating near a fire==
# It’s permissible to place completely cooked cold solid food or slightly warm liquid (according to Sephardim, boiling liquid) near a fire to remove the chill or warm it up. <Ref> S”A 318:15 writes that totally cooked cold solids and boiling liquids may be placed near the fire even in an area where it could reach Yad Soldet Bo. Rama 318:15 writes that the minhag is to be lenient regarding reheating liquids as long as it’s slightly warm. So writes Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:13, Shabbat Kitchen (pg 43). </ref>
# Cold liquids that are fully cooked may not be placed in an area where if the food was left there it would reach Yad Soldet Bo unless there’s a great need, such as heating milk for a baby, and one’s intent is only to warm it or remove the chill and one actually removes it before it reaches Yad Soldet Bo. <Ref> Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:13 </ref>
# It’s forbidden to place a piece of bread close enough to the fire that it will toast. <Ref> Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:62 </ref>
# It’s forbidden to dry wet clothes by placing them near a heater or radiator. <Ref> Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 15:9-11 </ref>
# One may not put uncooked food in area (near the fire) where it could eventually reach 110 degrees even if one intends to remove it from that area before it becomes 110 degrees. However, if it wouldn't reach 110 degrees even if it was left there, then it's permissible. <Ref>39 Melachos (vol 2 pg 563), Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:13 </ref>


==Cooking in an oven==
==Cooking in an oven==
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# Similarly, it’s forbidden to take water out of an urn in which the water has not reached its boiling point yet. <Ref> Shabbat Kitchen (Rabbi Simcha Bunim Cohen; pg 8), Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata (1:35 note 96) </ref>
# Similarly, it’s forbidden to take water out of an urn in which the water has not reached its boiling point yet. <Ref> Shabbat Kitchen (Rabbi Simcha Bunim Cohen; pg 8), Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata (1:35 note 96) </ref>


==Removing a utensil and stirring a hot food==
==Stirring hot food==
===Not fully cooked food===
===Not fully cooked food===
# It’s forbidden (as Deoritta Bishul) to stir hot food that isn’t fully cooked when it’s on the fire or removed from the fire as long as it’s 113 degrees in a Kli Rishon. <Ref> In [[Shabbat]] 18b, the Gemara says that there’s no issue of Megis (stirring) a hot food if the pot is totally sealed with cement implying that stirring a hot food is forbidden as Bishul, cooking (Rashi 18b D”H Megis). Rambam 3:11, S”A 318:18, Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:31, and 39 Melachos (vol 2 pg 560)  bring this law as halacha. </ref>  
# It’s forbidden (as Deoritta Bishul) to stir hot food that isn’t fully cooked when it’s on the fire or removed from the fire as long as it’s 113 degrees in a Kli Rishon. <Ref> In [[Shabbat]] 18b, the Gemara says that there’s no issue of Megis (stirring) a hot food if the pot is totally sealed with cement implying that stirring a hot food is forbidden as Bishul, cooking (Rashi 18b D”H Megis). Rambam 3:11, S”A 318:18, Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:31, and 39 Melachos (vol 2 pg 560)  bring this law as halacha. </ref>  
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# Food which isn’t fully cooked may not be placed on top of another pot which is on the fire. <Ref> S”A 318:7-8 brings a dispute whether one may place a pot with cold solids or hot liquids which are Yad Soldet Bo on top of a pot that’s on the fire and rules leniently. Even though the Taz 318:11 writes that it’s permissible even if it’s not fully cooked (but seems to require that the pot will not be able to cook), Mishna Brurah 318:55 rules that the food must be fully cooked based on the Achronim (Bach, Gra, Tosefet [[Shabbat]], Olat [[Shabbat]], Maamer Mordechai, Pri Megadim) who disagree with the Taz 318:9 on a similar issue. Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:36 rules like the Mishna Brurah. </ref>
# Food which isn’t fully cooked may not be placed on top of another pot which is on the fire. <Ref> S”A 318:7-8 brings a dispute whether one may place a pot with cold solids or hot liquids which are Yad Soldet Bo on top of a pot that’s on the fire and rules leniently. Even though the Taz 318:11 writes that it’s permissible even if it’s not fully cooked (but seems to require that the pot will not be able to cook), Mishna Brurah 318:55 rules that the food must be fully cooked based on the Achronim (Bach, Gra, Tosefet [[Shabbat]], Olat [[Shabbat]], Maamer Mordechai, Pri Megadim) who disagree with the Taz 318:9 on a similar issue. Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:36 rules like the Mishna Brurah. </ref>
# It’s permissible to place a pot of cold food on top of another pot (which is on top of the fire) in order to remove it’s chill only if there’s no chance that the pot will reach Yad Soldet Bo if left it was left there. <Ref> Buir Halacha 318:6 D”H Ad SheTehe, Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:36 </ref>
# It’s permissible to place a pot of cold food on top of another pot (which is on top of the fire) in order to remove it’s chill only if there’s no chance that the pot will reach Yad Soldet Bo if left it was left there. <Ref> Buir Halacha 318:6 D”H Ad SheTehe, Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:36 </ref>
# It’s permissible to place a pot of solid food on top of another pot which is on a fire as long as the food is fully cooked. If the food is liquid, it must be fully cooked, and according to Sephardim, the liquid must be Yad Soldet Bo, however, according to Ashkenazim, the liquid must be warm (and not cold). <Ref>S”A 318:7 brings a dispute whether one may place a pot with hot liquids which are Yad Soldet Bo on top of a pot that’s on the fire. S”A 318:8 quotes the same dispute regarding solids except that the food doesn’t need to be hot and even if the food can reach the temperature of Yad Soldet Bo. S”A rules that for both the previous issues the halacha is like the lenient opinion. So rule the achronim including Gra 318:7, Eliyah Rabba 318:21, Mishna Brurah 318:60, Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:36, and Yalkut Yosef ([[Shabbat]] vol 3 pg 207). Even though 318:7 writes that liquids must be as hot as Yad Soldet Bo, Rama 318:15 argues that even if it’s just slightly warm it’s permissible. So rules Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:36. [However, Chazon Ish 37 writes that an empty pot isn’t considered a separation between the pot of food and the fire. So holds Sh”t Az Nidbaru 3:14 and Shabbat Kitchen (Rabbi Simcha Bunim Kohen; pg 42) that the bottom pot must be filled with food. However, Sh”t Shevet HaLevi 1:91 defends the minhag.] </ref>
# It’s permissible to place a pot of solid food on top of another pot which is on a fire as long as the food is fully cooked. If the food is liquid, it must be fully cooked, and according to Sephardim, the liquid must be Yad Soldet Bo, however, according to Ashkenazim, the liquid must be warm (and not cold). <Ref>S”A 318:7 brings a dispute whether one may place a pot with hot liquids which are Yad Soldet Bo on top of a pot that’s on the fire. S”A 318:8 quotes the same dispute regarding solids except that the food doesn’t need to be hot and even if the food can reach the temperature of Yad Soldet Bo. S”A rules that for both the previous issues the halacha is like the lenient opinion. So rule the achronim including Gra 318:7, Eliyah Rabba 318:21, Mishna Brurah 318:60, Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:36, and Yalkut Yosef ([[Shabbat]] vol 3 pg 207). Even though S"A 318:7 writes that liquids must be as hot as Yad Soldet Bo, Rama 318:15 argues that even if it’s just slightly warm it’s permissible. Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:36 agrees. [However, Chazon Ish 37 writes that an empty pot isn’t considered a separation between the pot of food and the fire. So holds Sh”t Az Nidbaru 3:14 and Shabbat Kitchen (Rabbi Simcha Bunim Kohen; pg 42) that the bottom pot must be filled with food. However, Sh”t Shevet HaLevi 1:91 defends the minhag.] </ref>
# It’s forbidden to place a pot on top of another pot where the top pot contains food with containing large quantities of congealed fat. However, if there’s only a little congealed fat such that when melted it mixes with the rest of the food it’s permissible. If fat was dissolved it may be eaten. It’s also permitted to dissolve a sauce that is normally eaten in it’s congealed state such as fish sauce. <Ref> Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:37 </ref>
# It’s forbidden to place a pot on top of another pot where the top pot contains food with containing large quantities of congealed fat. However, if there’s only a little congealed fat such that when melted it mixes with the rest of the food it’s permissible. If fat was dissolved it may be eaten. It’s also permitted to dissolve a sauce that is normally eaten in it’s congealed state such as fish sauce. <Ref> Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:37 </ref>


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