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==Forbidden types of Bishul==
==General Guidelines of Bishul==
# One who cooks or bakes a food or dye on [[Shabbat]] has violated the Melacha of Bishul, one of the 39 melachot. <Ref>Mishna ([[Shabbat]] 73a) says baking bread is one of the 39 melachot. The Gemara 74b includes cooking dyes in the melacha as well. This is brought as halacha in Rambam ([[Shabbat]] 9:1) and Tur 318:1. </ref>
# The prohibition of Bishul, cooking on Shabbat, is a general classification which includes heating up any substance, food or non-food, until a property of the substance changes. <Ref> The Mishna (Shabbat 73a) says baking bread is one of the 39 melachot. The Gemara (74b) includes cooking dyes as a violation of the melacha as well. This is codified as halacha by Rambam (Shabbat 9:1) and Tur 318:1. 39 Melachos (vol 2 pg 553) defines this prohibition precisely as heating up any substance, food or non-food, until a property of the substance changes. </ref>  
# Roasting and frying are also included in Bishul. <Ref> Rambam ([[Shabbat]] 9:5) counts both roasting and frying as Bishul and the Iglei Tal (Ofeh 1:1) explains that Rambam is counting ways to violate the [[Av]] in the first five Halachot of the chapter and from there and on he counts Toldot. However Lechem Mishna ([[Shabbat]] 8:12) says that since there’s no Nafka Minah between an [[Av]] and [[Toldah]] the Rambam wasn’t specific about differentiating them. Either way, these methods of cooking are forbidden deoritta, so writes Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:1. </ref>
# The methods by which cooking can be violated include cooking, baking, roasting, broiling, frying, and microwaving. <Ref>
# One transgresses Bishul Deoritta once one cooks raw solids up to a third of being cooked and for liquids when one heats it up to 113 degrees Fahrenheit. However, one can also violate the Bishul by continuing to cook the food until it’s fully cooked. <Ref> Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:5 </ref>
* Rambam (Shabbat 9:5) counts both roasting and frying as Bishul. Iglei Tal (Ofeh 1:1) explains that Rambam is counting ways to violate the Av in the first five Halachot of the chapter and from there and on he counts Toldot. However Lechem Mishna (Shabbat 8:12) says that since there’s no Nafka Minah between an Av and Toldah the Rambam wasn’t specific about differentiating them. Thus, Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:1 rules that cooking by either of these methods are forbidden deoritta. For further clarification, Shabbos Kitchen (p. 1) includes baking, roasting, broiling, and frying.
# It’s forbidden to cook with any heating element that’s 113 degrees Fahrenheit including kerosene, gas or electric stove, hotplate, steamer, gas or electric oven. <Ref> Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:1,4 </ref>
* Igrot Moshe 3:52 writes that cooking with a microwave is also a Biblical prohibition of Bishul. Shabbos Kitchen (p. 2) agrees. </ref> Similarly, Bishul is violated by cooking with any heating element that reaches 113 degrees Fahrenheit including kerosene, gas or electric stove, hotplate, steamer, gas or electric oven. <Ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:1 and 1:4 writes that Bishul is violated with any heating element that reaches 113 degrees Fahrenheit including kerosene, gas or electric stove, hotplate, steamer, gas or electric oven. Shabbos Kitchen (p. 2) agrees. </ref>
# It is forbidden to put any food, liquid or solid, on the fire on [[Shabbat]], whether the food is cold or hot, cooked or raw. <ref> Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:12 </ref>
===Examples of Bishul with non-foods===
# Similarly, it is forbidden to put any food in a pot that's on the fire. <ref> Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:12 </ref>
 
==Cooking non-Foods==
# The prohibition of cooking includes foods as well as non-foods in which case any change of property in the substance is considered cooking. <ref> 39 Melachos (vol 2 pg 553) </ref>
# It's forbidden to melt off wax droplets using fire or hot water. <ref> 39 Melachos (vol 2 pg 553) </ref>
# It's forbidden to melt off wax droplets using fire or hot water. <ref> 39 Melachos (vol 2 pg 553) </ref>
# It's forbidden to heat a metal until it's red hot. <ref> 39 Melachos (vol 2 pg 553) </ref>
# It's forbidden to heat a metal until it's red hot. <ref> 39 Melachos (vol 2 pg 553) </ref> See also [[Electricity on Shabbat]].
# It's forbidden to bake bricks or earthenware in a kiln. <ref> 39 Melachos (vol 2 pg 553) </ref>
# It's forbidden to bake bricks or earthenware in a kiln. <ref> 39 Melachos (vol 2 pg 553) </ref>
==Bishul Deoritta==
==Cooking food on Shabbat==
# One only violates the biblical prohibition of Bishul if one changes a food from inedible to edible or non-food from one state of property to another. <ref> 39 Melachos (vol 2 pg 553) </ref>
# Because the most practical cases of Bishul apply to food, this is the category we will deal with extensively.
# Since the food takes time to cook one hasn't violated biblical Bishul until it has completed cooking and if one notices that one put a food on the fire one must remove it before it becomes cooked. <ref> Rambam 9:5, 39 Melachos (vol 2, pg 554) </ref>
# Just in order to clarify, but not for practical ramifications, the Biblical prohibition is violated for solids, when one has cooked it for a third of the time usually needed to cook, and for liquids, when one heats it up to 110 degrees Fahrenheit. However, one can also violate the Biblical prohibition of Bishul by continuing to cook the food until it’s fully cooked. (For more details about the limitations of Biblical prohibition, see the footnote). <Ref>
# Regarding Solids the halachic definition of a change from inedible to edible occurs when the food is cooked to a third of the time it takes to cook normally according to some authorities, and up to a half of the time it takes to cook normally according to others. <ref> Rashi [[Shabbat]] 20a D"H Ben Dursai holds that Bishul Deoritta is violated when it reaches half of it's cooking while Rambam [[Shabbat]] 9:5 holds that once it's reached a third of it's cooking one has violated Bishul Doeritta. 39 Melachos (vol 2 pg 555) explains that a third and a half refer to the time that the food would take to fully cook. </ref>
* What does the Biblical prohibition of Bishul entail?
# Regarding liquids one has violated the biblical prohibition of Bishul if one heats a cold liquid to a point of Yad Soldet Bo (110 degrees Fahrenheit). <ref> 39 Melachos (vol 2 pg 558) </ref>
* For non-foods, 39 Melachos (vol 2 pg 553) writes that the Biblical prohibition is only violated when a property of the substance is changed.  
# Further heating a liquid that is already hot is forbidden biblically unless it has reached 160 degrees according to some and that liquid's boiling point according to others. <ref> Sh"t Igrot Moshe 4:74(3) writes that it's sufficient to assume that once a liquid is 160 degrees heating it further it's permissible to heat it further, while others including Otzrot [[Shabbat]] in name of Rav Elayshiv, Sh"t Shevet HaLevi 7:42(3), and Minchat Yitzchak 10:28 hold it must reach it's boiling point before being allowed to heat it further. </ref>
* For solid food, 39 Melachos (vol 2 pg 553) writes that the Biblical prohibition is only violated when the food is changed from being inedible to edible. There is a dispute in the Rishonim about what is considered a minimal standard of edible for which it will be considered a violation of Bishul deoritta. Rashi Shabbat 20a D"H Ben Dursai holds that Bishul Deoritta is violated when it reaches half of it's cooking, while the Rambam Shabbat 9:5 holds that once it's reached a third of it's cooking one has violated Bishul Doeritta. Mishna Brurah 253:38 rules like the Rambam. Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:5 and Shabbos Kitchen (p. 3) agree. 39 Melachos (vol 2, pg 555) and Shabbos Kitchen (p. 3) explain that a third and a half refer to the time that the food would take to cook fully.
# Another way to violate the biblical prohibition of Bishul is to hasten the cooking process of uncooked food. Therefore uncooked chulent may not be moved from one area on the blech to another area which is closer to the fire. <ref> Rambam 9:4 and S"A 254:4 regarding stirring, Rabbi Akiva Eiger 318:1, 39 Melachos (vol 2 pg 559) </ref>
* Even if a food is already minimally edible, there is a further violation of Bishul when furthering the cooking. S”A 318:4 rules that cooking a food, which is already edible, by any amount which makes it more cooked is a violation of Bishul, unless the food is fully cooked. Biur Halacha D”H Afliu, Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:5, Shabbos Kitchen (p. 3) agree.
# If one turned on one's water urn right before [[Shabbat]] and the water hasn't finished cooking one may not take out water becasue in doing so one will hasten the cooking of the rest of the water remaining in the urn. <ref> 39 Melachos (vol 2 pg 559) </ref>
* Regarding liquids, S”A 318:14 rules that the Biblical violation of Bishul is violated when the liquid is heated up to Yad Soledet Bo. Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:5 defines Yad Soledet Bo, in matters in which one has to be strict to avoid any violation, as 113 degrees Fahrenheit. Igrot Moshe 4:74:3, however, rules that one should be strict to consider Yad Soledet Bo as 110 degrees. Shabbat Kitchen (p. 5) and 39 Melachos (vol 2 pg 558) agree.
* Even if a liquid is Yad Soledet Bo, most poskim hold that there is a Biblical violation of Bishul if one continues to heat it until it reaches its boiling point. Sh"t Igrot Moshe 4:74(3) writes that it's sufficient to assume that once a liquid is 160 degrees heating it further it's permissible to heat it further. However, Otzrot Shabbat in name of Rav Elayshiv, Sh"t Shevet HaLevi 7:42(3), and Minchat Yitzchak 10:28 hold it must reach it's boiling point before being allowed to heat it further. Shabbat Kitchen (p. 3) writes that most poskim consider this to be a Torah prohibition. </ref>
# Practically speaking, it is forbidden to put any food on the fire or into a pot which is on the fire on Shabbat, whether the food is liquid or solid, cold or hot, cooked or raw. <Ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:12 rules that it is forbidden to put any food on the fire or into a pot which is on the fire on Shabbat, whether the food is liquid or solid, cold or hot, cooked or raw.
* This ruling is partially based on a Rabbinic prohibition to place a solid food in an area where it could become cooked or place a liquid where it could become Yad Soledet Bo. This Rabbinic prohibition is codified in S”A 318:14 and 17. </ref> (See further for practically how one can reheat food on Shabbat).
# Another Biblical prohibition is hastening the cooking process. <Ref>Rambam 9:4. This is codified as halacha in S"A 254:4 in regards to the halacha of stirring food on the fire. Rabbi Akiva Eiger 318:1, 39 Melachos (vol 2 pg 559), and Shabbat Kitchen (p. 7) also quote this as the halacha. </ref> The practical ramifications of this will be discussed in the [[#Hastening the cooking process]] section below.
# If one notices that one put a food on the fire and it hasn’t completely cooked, one must remove it before it becomes fully cooked in order to avoid further violation of Shabbat. <Ref> Rambam 9:5, 39 Melachos (vol 2, pg 554) </ref>
==Hastening the cooking process==
# It is forbidden to accelerate the cooking of a food which is on the fire. <Ref>Rambam 9:4. This is codified as halacha in S"A 254:4 in regards to the halacha of stirring food on the fire. Rabbi Akiva Eiger 318:1, 39 Melachos (vol 2 pg 559), and Shabbat Kitchen (p. 7) also quote this as the halacha. </ref>
# For example, not fully cooked chulent may not be moved from one area on the blech to another area which is closer to the fire. <ref> 39 Melachos (vol 2 pg 554), Shabbos Kitchen (p. 7) </ref> One may also not remove chullent from the pot on Friday night if the chullent isn’t fully cooked because doing so will hasten the cooking for the rest of the pot. <Ref>Shabbos Kitchen (p. 8) </ref>
# Similarly, if one turned on one's water urn right before Shabbat and the water isn't yet boiling, one may not take out water because in doing so one will hasten the cooking of the rest of the water remaining in the urn. <Ref> 39 Melachos (vol 2 pg 559), Shabbos Kitchen (p. 8). See, however, Minchat Yitzchak 3:137. </ref>
# It is forbidden to cover a pot, even if it is on the blech, as long as the food isn’t fully cooked because covering it hastens the cooking process. Thus, one must beware not to open the cover of any pot on the blech, because one will not be permitted to return it to the pot. <Ref>S”A 257:4, Shabbos Kitchen (p. 9) </ref>
# Another important ramification of this halacha is stirring food on the fire. See the relevant halachot below.


==Heating near a fire==
==Heating near a fire==
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