Bishul: Difference between revisions
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Rashi Shabbos 74b s.v. d’mirafei rafi writes that bishul occurs when the object is softened, while Rambam Shabbos 9:6 maintains that bishul can be done either by softening or hardening. Iglei Tal Bishul 9:6 infers from Rambam Shabbos 9:6 that the Av of bishul is only when the change to the object is permanent (such as baking a cake), but if the change will be undone (such as heating up metal that will eventually cool back down) then it is only a toldah of bishul.</ref> | Rashi Shabbos 74b s.v. d’mirafei rafi writes that bishul occurs when the object is softened, while Rambam Shabbos 9:6 maintains that bishul can be done either by softening or hardening. Iglei Tal Bishul 9:6 infers from Rambam Shabbos 9:6 that the Av of bishul is only when the change to the object is permanent (such as baking a cake), but if the change will be undone (such as heating up metal that will eventually cool back down) then it is only a toldah of bishul.</ref> | ||
#The methods by which [[cooking]] can be violated include [[cooking]], baking, roasting, broiling, frying, and microwaving.<ref>*Rambam ([[Shabbat]] 9:5) counts both roasting and frying as Bishul. Iglei Tal (Ofeh 1:1) explains that Rambam is counting ways to violate the Av in the first five Halachot of the chapter and from there and on he counts Toldot. However Lechem Mishna ([[Shabbat]] 8:12) says that since there’s no Nafka Minah between an Av and [[Toldah]] the Rambam wasn’t specific about differentiating them. Thus, Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:1 rules that [[cooking]] by either of these methods are forbidden deoraitta. For further clarification, [[Shabbos]] Kitchen (p. 1) includes baking, roasting, broiling, and frying. | #The methods by which [[cooking]] can be violated include [[cooking]], baking, roasting, broiling, frying, and microwaving.<ref>*Rambam ([[Shabbat]] 9:5) counts both roasting and frying as Bishul. Iglei Tal (Ofeh 1:1) explains that Rambam is counting ways to violate the Av in the first five Halachot of the chapter and from there and on he counts Toldot. However Lechem Mishna ([[Shabbat]] 8:12) says that since there’s no Nafka Minah between an Av and [[Toldah]] the Rambam wasn’t specific about differentiating them. Thus, Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:1 rules that [[cooking]] by either of these methods are forbidden deoraitta. For further clarification, [[Shabbos]] Kitchen (p. 1) includes baking, roasting, broiling, and frying. | ||
*Igrot Moshe 3:52 writes that [[cooking]] with a microwave is also a | *Igrot Moshe 3:52 writes that [[cooking]] with a microwave is also a biblical prohibition of Bishul. 39 Melachos (Rav Ribiat; pg 589) and [[Shabbos]] Kitchen (Rabbi Simcha Bunim Cohen; pg 2) agree.</ref> Similarly, Bishul is violated by [[cooking]] with any heating element that reaches 113 degrees Fahrenheit including kerosene, gas or electric stove, hotplate, steamer, gas or electric oven.<ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:1 and 1:4 writes that Bishul is violated with any heating element that reaches 113 degrees Fahrenheit including kerosene, gas or electric stove, hotplate, steamer, gas or electric oven. [[Shabbos]] Kitchen (p. 2) agrees. 39 Melachos (vol 2 pg 568) writes that [[cooking]] in a Kli Rishon, whether it is on or off the fire, where the food will reach 110 degrees is a violation of Bishul Deoritta. </ref> | ||
===Cooking Without a Fire=== | ===Cooking Without a Fire=== | ||
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#Even though for food that was fully cooked there is no violation of bishul when recooking it (even though there can be an issue of [[Hachzara]]), for liquids there is a violation of bishul when recooking it.<ref>The Rambam Shabbat 9:3, Rashba Shabbat 40b s.v. meyvee, and Ran Shabbat 19a s.v. tanu (as explained by Bet Yosef 318:4) holds that Ein Bishul Achar Bishul applies to solids and liquids, but the Rosh Shabbat 3:11 argues that it only applies to solids and reheating liquids would be Bishul. The Shulchan Aruch is strict for the Rosh. Even though the Rama theoretically holds like the Rashba in practice he is only lenient if the liquid was originally hot on Shabbat and didn't cool down completely. | #Even though for food that was fully cooked there is no violation of bishul when recooking it (even though there can be an issue of [[Hachzara]]), for liquids there is a violation of bishul when recooking it.<ref>The Rambam Shabbat 9:3, Rashba Shabbat 40b s.v. meyvee, and Ran Shabbat 19a s.v. tanu (as explained by Bet Yosef 318:4) holds that Ein Bishul Achar Bishul applies to solids and liquids, but the Rosh Shabbat 3:11 argues that it only applies to solids and reheating liquids would be Bishul. The Shulchan Aruch is strict for the Rosh. Even though the Rama theoretically holds like the Rashba in practice he is only lenient if the liquid was originally hot on Shabbat and didn't cool down completely. | ||
*The Chazon Ish OC 50:9 holds that for water there's no dispute and everyone agrees that there's a | *The Chazon Ish OC 50:9 holds that for water there's no dispute and everyone agrees that there's a biblical violation of Bishul to reheat it since after it was heated up and cooled down there's no lasting effect of the original cooking on the water. He applies the same logic to reheating metal multiple times in regards to [[Electricity on Shabbat]].</ref> | ||
# Some say that it is permitted to ask a non-Jew to reheat a liquid on Shabbat in a way that isn't a problem of [[Hachzara]]. Sephardim rely on this opinion and Ashkenazim generally don't.<ref>Birkei Yosef (Shiurei Bracha 318:1) quotes the Shaar Aryeh and Rav Volli who hold that it is permited to ask a non-Jew to heat up pre-cooked liquids on Shabbat since it is a dispute in the rishonim if it is permitted. Kaf HaChayim on Shulchan Arukh, Orach Chayim 318:51:1 cites the Birkei Yosef. The Rama 253:5 quotes the Rashba who seems to forbid this even after the fact. Biur Halacha 253:5 s.v. lhachem cites this Birkei Yosef and questions whether we should rely upon it and concludes that after the fact it is permitted. [https://www.torahanytime.com/#/lectures?v=128698 Rav Yitzchak Yosef (Motzei Shabbat Lech Lecha 5781, min 15)] ruled like the Birkei Yosef and answered how it fits with the Rashba and Rama. The Rashba in fact only forbade asking a non-Jew to light a fire and then reheat a liquid.</ref> | # Some say that it is permitted to ask a non-Jew to reheat a liquid on Shabbat in a way that isn't a problem of [[Hachzara]]. Sephardim rely on this opinion and Ashkenazim generally don't.<ref>Birkei Yosef (Shiurei Bracha 318:1) quotes the Shaar Aryeh and Rav Volli who hold that it is permited to ask a non-Jew to heat up pre-cooked liquids on Shabbat since it is a dispute in the rishonim if it is permitted. Kaf HaChayim on Shulchan Arukh, Orach Chayim 318:51:1 cites the Birkei Yosef. The Rama 253:5 quotes the Rashba who seems to forbid this even after the fact. Biur Halacha 253:5 s.v. lhachem cites this Birkei Yosef and questions whether we should rely upon it and concludes that after the fact it is permitted. [https://www.torahanytime.com/#/lectures?v=128698 Rav Yitzchak Yosef (Motzei Shabbat Lech Lecha 5781, min 15)] ruled like the Birkei Yosef and answered how it fits with the Rashba and Rama. The Rashba in fact only forbade asking a non-Jew to light a fire and then reheat a liquid.</ref> | ||
====Definition of Liquids==== | ====Definition of Liquids==== | ||
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#Because the most practical cases of Bishul apply to food, this is the category we will deal with extensively. | #Because the most practical cases of Bishul apply to food, this is the category we will deal with extensively. | ||
#Just in order to clarify, but not for practical ramifications, the | #Just in order to clarify, but not for practical ramifications, the biblical prohibition is violated for solids, when one has cooked it for a third of the time usually needed to cook, and for liquids, when one heats it up to 110 degrees Fahrenheit. However, one can also violate the biblical prohibition of Bishul by continuing to cook the food until it’s fully cooked. (For more details about the limitations of biblical prohibition, see the footnote).<ref>*<span id="Bishul Deoritta"></span>What does the biblical prohibition of Bishul entail? | ||
*For non-foods, 39 Melachos (vol 2 pg 553) writes that the | *For non-foods, 39 Melachos (vol 2 pg 553) writes that the biblical prohibition is only violated when a property of the substance is changed. | ||
*For solid food, 39 Melachos (vol 2 pg 553) writes that the | *For solid food, 39 Melachos (vol 2 pg 553) writes that the biblical prohibition is only violated when the food is changed from being inedible to edible. There is a dispute in the Rishonim about what is considered a minimal standard of edible for which it will be considered a violation of Bishul deoraitta. Rashi [[Shabbat]] 20a s.v. Ben Dursai holds that Bishul Deoritta is violated when it reaches half of it's [[cooking]], while the Rambam [[Shabbat]] 9:5 holds that once it's reached a third of it's [[cooking]] one has violated Bishul Doeritta. Mishna Brurah 253:38 rules like the Rambam. Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:5 and [[Shabbos]] Kitchen (p. 3) agree. 39 Melachos (vol 2, pg 555) and [[Shabbos]] Kitchen (p. 3) explain that a third and a half refer to the time that the food would take to cook fully. | ||
*Even if a food is already minimally edible, there is a further violation of Bishul when furthering the [[cooking]]. S”A 318:4 rules that [[cooking]] a food, which is already edible, by any amount which makes it more cooked is a violation of Bishul, unless the food is fully cooked. Beiur Halacha s.v. Afliu, Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:5, [[Shabbos]] Kitchen (p. 3) agree. | *Even if a food is already minimally edible, there is a further violation of Bishul when furthering the [[cooking]]. S”A 318:4 rules that [[cooking]] a food, which is already edible, by any amount which makes it more cooked is a violation of Bishul, unless the food is fully cooked. Beiur Halacha s.v. Afliu, Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:5, [[Shabbos]] Kitchen (p. 3) agree. | ||
*Regarding liquids, S”A 318:14 rules that the | *Regarding liquids, S”A 318:14 rules that the biblical violation of Bishul is violated when the liquid is heated up to Yad Soledet Bo. Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:5 defines Yad Soledet Bo, in matters in which one has to be strict to avoid any violation, as 113 degrees Fahrenheit. Igrot Moshe 4:74:3, however, rules that one should be strict to consider Yad Soledet Bo as 110 degrees. [[Shabbos]] Kitchen (p. 5) and 39 Melachos (vol 2 pg 558) agree. Chazon Ovadia [[Shabbat]] Part 4: page 371 rules that yad soledet bo is only 104 degrees Farenheit | ||
*Even if a liquid is Yad Soledet Bo, most poskim hold that there is a | *Even if a liquid is Yad Soledet Bo, most poskim hold that there is a biblical violation of Bishul if one continues to heat it until it reaches its boiling point. Sh"t Igrot Moshe 4:74(3) writes that it's sufficient to assume that once a liquid is 160 degrees heating it further it's permissible to heat it further. However, Otzrot [[Shabbat]] in name of Rav Elayshiv, Sh"t Shevet HaLevi 7:42(3), and Minchat Yitzchak 10:28 hold it must reach it's boiling point before being allowed to heat it further. [[Shabbos]] Kitchen (p. 3) writes that most poskim consider this to be a Torah prohibition. | ||
*What is defined as a liquid? [[Shabbos]] Kitchen (p. 11) writes that only something which is completely solid such as meat, chicken, or kugel is considered solid. Igrot Moshe 4:74:7 writes that one should not rely on the Minchat Kohen and the Pri Megadim’s opinion isn’t clear.</ref> | *What is defined as a liquid? [[Shabbos]] Kitchen (p. 11) writes that only something which is completely solid such as meat, chicken, or kugel is considered solid. Igrot Moshe 4:74:7 writes that one should not rely on the Minchat Kohen and the Pri Megadim’s opinion isn’t clear.</ref> | ||
#Practically speaking, it is forbidden to put any food on the fire or into a pot which is on the fire on [[Shabbat]], whether the food is liquid or solid, cold or hot, cooked or raw.<ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:12 rules that it is forbidden to put any food on the fire or into a pot which is on the fire on [[Shabbat]], whether the food is liquid or solid, cold or hot, cooked or raw. | #Practically speaking, it is forbidden to put any food on the fire or into a pot which is on the fire on [[Shabbat]], whether the food is liquid or solid, cold or hot, cooked or raw.<ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:12 rules that it is forbidden to put any food on the fire or into a pot which is on the fire on [[Shabbat]], whether the food is liquid or solid, cold or hot, cooked or raw. | ||
*This ruling is partially based on a Rabbinic prohibition to place a solid food in an area where it could become cooked or place a liquid where it could become Yad Soledet Bo. This Rabbinic prohibition is codified in S”A 318:14 and 17.</ref> (See further for practically how one can reheat food on [[Shabbat]]). | *This ruling is partially based on a Rabbinic prohibition to place a solid food in an area where it could become cooked or place a liquid where it could become Yad Soledet Bo. This Rabbinic prohibition is codified in S”A 318:14 and 17.</ref> (See further for practically how one can reheat food on [[Shabbat]]). | ||
#Another | #Another biblical prohibition is hastening the [[cooking]] process.<ref>Rambam 9:4. This is codified as halacha in Shulchan Aruch 254:4 in regards to the halacha of stirring food on the fire. Rabbi Akiva Eiger 318:1, 39 Melachos (vol 2 pg 559), and [[Shabbos]] Kitchen (p. 7) also quote this as the halacha. </ref> The practical ramifications of this will be discussed in the [[#Hastening the cooking process|Hastening the cooking process]] section below. | ||
#If one notices that one put a food on the fire and it hasn’t completely cooked, one must remove it before it becomes fully cooked in order to avoid further violation of [[Shabbat]].<ref>Rambam 9:5, 39 Melachos (vol 2, pg 554) </ref> | #If one notices that one put a food on the fire and it hasn’t completely cooked, one must remove it before it becomes fully cooked in order to avoid further violation of [[Shabbat]].<ref>Rambam 9:5, 39 Melachos (vol 2, pg 554) </ref> | ||
