Bishul: Difference between revisions

#The methods by which [[cooking]] can be violated include [[cooking]], baking, roasting, broiling, frying, and microwaving. <ref>*Rambam ([[Shabbat]] 9:5) counts both roasting and frying as Bishul. Iglei Tal (Ofeh 1:1) explains that Rambam is counting ways to violate the Av in the first five Halachot of the chapter and from there and on he counts Toldot. However Lechem Mishna ([[Shabbat]] 8:12) says that since there’s no Nafka Minah between an Av and [[Toldah]] the Rambam wasn’t specific about differentiating them. Thus, Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:1 rules that [[cooking]] by either of these methods are forbidden deoraitta. For further clarification, [[Shabbos]] Kitchen (p. 1) includes baking, roasting, broiling, and frying.

*Igrot Moshe 3:52 writes that [[cooking]] with a microwave is also a Biblical prohibition of Bishul. 39 Melachos (Rav Ribiat; pg 589) and [[Shabbos]] Kitchen (Rabbi Simcha Bunim Cohen; pg 2) agree.</ref> Similarly, Bishul is violated by [[cooking]] with any heating element that reaches 113 degrees Fahrenheit including kerosene, gas or electric stove, hotplate, steamer, gas or electric oven. <ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:1 and 1:4 writes that Bishul is violated with any heating element that reaches 113 degrees Fahrenheit including kerosene, gas or electric stove, hotplate, steamer, gas or electric oven. [[Shabbos]] Kitchen (p. 2) agrees. 39 Melachos (vol 2 pg 568) writes that [[cooking]] in a Kli Rishon, whether it is on or off the fire, where the food will reach 110 degrees is a violation of Bishul Deoritta. </ref>

*For solid food, 39 Melachos (vol 2 pg 553) writes that the Biblical prohibition is only violated when the food is changed from being inedible to edible. There is a dispute in the Rishonim about what is considered a minimal standard of edible for which it will be considered a violation of Bishul deoraitta. Rashi [[Shabbat]] 20a s.v. Ben Dursai holds that Bishul Deoritta is violated when it reaches half of it's [[cooking]], while the Rambam [[Shabbat]] 9:5 holds that once it's reached a third of it's [[cooking]] one has violated Bishul Doeritta. Mishna Brurah 253:38 rules like the Rambam. Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:5 and [[Shabbos]] Kitchen (p. 3) agree. 39 Melachos (vol 2, pg 555) and [[Shabbos]] Kitchen (p. 3) explain that a third and a half refer to the time that the food would take to cook fully.

*Even if a food is already minimally edible, there is a further violation of Bishul when furthering the [[cooking]]. S”A 318:4 rules that [[cooking]] a food, which is already edible, by any amount which makes it more cooked is a violation of Bishul, unless the food is fully cooked. Beiur Halacha s.v. Afliu, Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:5, [[Shabbos]] Kitchen (p. 3) agree.

*Regarding liquids, S”A 318:14 rules that the Biblical violation of Bishul is violated when the liquid is heated up to Yad Soledet Bo. Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:5 defines Yad Soledet Bo, in matters in which one has to be strict to avoid any violation, as 113 degrees Fahrenheit. Igrot Moshe 4:74:3, however, rules that one should be strict to consider Yad Soledet Bo as 110 degrees. [[Shabbos]] Kitchen (p. 5) and 39 Melachos (vol 2 pg 558) agree. Chazon Ovadia [[Shabbat]] Part 4: page 371 rules that yad soledet bo is only 104 degrees Farenheit

#Practically speaking, it is forbidden to put any food on the fire or into a pot which is on the fire on [[Shabbat]], whether the food is liquid or solid, cold or hot, cooked or raw. <ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:12 rules that it is forbidden to put any food on the fire or into a pot which is on the fire on [[Shabbat]], whether the food is liquid or solid, cold or hot, cooked or raw.

#It’s forbidden to return food to the oven even if it’s cooked and warm. <ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:17 </ref>

#If there’s a possibility that the food isn’t fully cooked, if the oven door is opened or opened by itself, it’s forbidden to close the oven door, unless the food is removed. However, fully cooked food that was in the oven from before [[Shabbat]] may remain there when/if the oven door is opened. <ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:17. [[Shabbos]] Kitchen (p. 9) explains that it is forbidden to close the oven door with not fully cooked food inside because it hastens the [[cooking]] process. See also Rama 259:7. </ref>

#It’s forbidden to use an oven which is thermostatically controlled since opening or closing the door will likely cause the flame to be increased. <ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:29 </ref>

#It’s forbidden to place anything on an electric stove unless the heat source is covered. <ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:24 </ref>

#Before [[Shabbat]], its permissible to leave cooked food on a covered electric stove which is set on a timer to begin operating on [[Shabbat]]. <ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:26 </ref> In such a case, one may not place food on the covered stove on [[Shabbat]] even before it began operating. <ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:26 </ref>

#If the flame on the stove goes out and the gas is escaping, it’s permissible to turn off the tap. Preferably, this should be done with a variation (such as using the back of one’s hand, or one’s elbow). <ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:28 </ref>

#It’s forbidden to put any food, liquid or solid, cooked or non-cooked, hot or cold, in a pot on the fire (Kli Rishon) even if one intends to remove it right away. <ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:12, 39 Melachos (vol 2 pg 572) </ref>

#A Kli Rishon is a pot that was in contact with a fire or heat source. It continues to have the status of Kli Rishon if removed from the fire as long as it is 113 degrees. <ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:2, 39 Melachos (vol 2 pg 572) </ref>

#A ladle can be considered a Kli Rishon if it was inserted in a hot Kli Rishon, and certainly if it was left in there for some time. <ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:48 </ref> Sephardim consider it a Kli Sheni for the liquids that pour out of it to be considered iruy kli sheni that doesn't cook.<ref>Chazon Ovadia v. 4 p. 362</ref>

#In general, no uncooked food, solid or liquid, may be placed in a Kli Rishon even if the food is hot and the Kli Rishon is off the fire. <ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:6 </ref>

#According to Ashkenazim, it’s permitted to place a fully cooked liquid in a Kli Rishon that’s off the fire as long as the liquid is still warm (it hasn’t completely cooled since being heated). <ref>Mishna Brurah 318:24 bringing the Rama 318:15 even in the case of a Kli Rishon, Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata. 1:7,15, [[Shabbos]] Kitchen (pg 41-3) </ref>

#Fully cooked liquid which has cooled (since it was heated originally while [[cooking]]) even if it became warm after it was cooked may not be reheated in a Kli Rishon and the contents of a Kli Rishon may not be poured into in. <ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata. 1:8(1), 39 Melachos (vol 2 pg 563)  </ref>

#A fully cooked solid even if it’s cold may be placed in a Kli Rishon if the pot is not on the fire. <ref>S”A 318:4, Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:10, 15, [[Shabbos]] Kitchen (Rabbi Simcha Bunim Cohen; pg 43) </ref>

##A fully baked (dry heat), roasted, or fried food may not be cooked(liquid heat). According to Ashkenazim one may not cook the baked, roasted or fried food in a Kli Rishon or Kli Sheni. <ref>S”A 318:5 brings two opinions and Rama writes that the Minhag is to be strict even in a Kli Sheni. Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:59 holds like the Rama that it’s forbidden even in a Kli Sheni. </ref>

##According to Ashkenazim, it’s forbidden to put any baked item such as croutons, soup nuts, [[challah]], or [[matzah]] in hot soup that was poured directly from the pot. However it is permitted to place a baked food in soup that’s was poured into a bowl through a ladle that wasn’t left in the soup for any length of time. <ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:59 holds like the Rama that it’s forbidden even in a Kli Sheni, however he considers the soup in the bowl a Kli Shishi if the soup was taken through a ladle that wasn’t left in the soup for any length of time. This is also codified in Hilchot [[Shabbat]] pg 263 by Rabbi Shimon Eider and [[Shabbos]] Kitchen pg 38 by Rabbi Simcha Bunim Cohen. Rav Hershel Schachter (The Laws of Cooking and Warming Food on Shabbat p. 179) writes that it is permitted to put challah in soup that was served with a ladle and adds no further conditions.</ref>

#According to Ashkenazim, it is forbidden to put a cooked or boiled food such as chicken on top of a blech. <ref>Mishna Brurah 318:41 and Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:60 writes that since the chicken or cooked food was cooked originally with wet-heat and now it’s being cooked through dry heat like roasting it’s forbidden to heat up the food. </ref>

#It’s forbidden to put any non-fully cooked food, liquid or solid, in a Kli Rishon even if it’s off the fire <ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:14 </ref> except for ox meat (because it requires intense heat to be cooked and it won’t cook in a Kli Rishon off the fire). <ref>39 Melachos (vol 2 pg 573-4) </ref>

#It’s permissible to place a baby bottle of milk in a Kli Rishon which is off the fire and there’s a lot of milk in the bottle that it’s impossible that the milk will reach 113 degrees (if left in the Kli Rishon). <ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:50 </ref>

#It’s permissible to pour a large amount of cold water into hot water in a Kli Rishon which is off the fire as long as the mixture thereby becomes less than 113 degrees and that the pouring is done in one swift action. <ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:52 </ref>

#It’s permissible to transfer food from one pot on the fire to another pot that’s on a covered fire if the food in both pots are fully cooked. <ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:16 </ref>

#If one’s fully cooked food is drying out one may pour boiling water from an urn into a pot that’s on the fire. If that’s not possible it’s permitted to take water with a ladle or spoon and pour it into the pot. <ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:16 </ref>

#It’s permissible to separate fully cooked in one pot on the fire into two pots as long as the empty one was clean and dry and one complies with the rules of chazara.  <ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:16 </ref>

#It’s forbidden to pour from a Kli Rishon onto cold liquid or non-fully cooked solids. <ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:46, 39 Melachos (vol 2 pg 575) </ref>

#It’s permissible to pour from a Kli Rishon onto a baby bottle filled with milk (even if it’s cold and uncooked) since the pouring only cooks the outer layer and in this case it’s the bottle (which doesn’t cook at this temperature), however, one should be careful that the bottle isn’t completely covered by the hot water. <ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:50, [https://www.torahanytime.com/#/lectures?v=69106 Rav Yitzchak Yosef (Motzei Shabbat Lech Lecha 5779 min 8)]</ref>

#It’s forbidden to pour hot water from a Kli Rishon onto regular sugar, saccharin, instant coffee, soup powder, instant cocoa, or uncooked tea leaves. <ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:46,9 </ref>

#It’s permissible to pour hot liquid from a Kli Rishon onto cold liquid if the remaining mixture will remain cool (less than 110 degrees). However it’s forbidden to pour a lot of hot liquid from a Kli Rishon onto a little cold liquid since the remaining mixture will be hot (greater than 110 degrees). <ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:51, 39 Melachos (vol 2 pg 576) </ref>

#It’s permissible to pour from a Kli Rishon (even if it’s on the fire) onto fully cooked solids or fully cooked liquids which are still slightly warm, according to Ashkenazim. <ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:47 </ref>

##Therefore, it’s permissible to pour from an urn onto tea essence which is still warm. <ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:47 </ref>

#It’s forbidden to put any non-cooked food into a Kli Sheni which has the temperature of 113 degrees or greater <ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:53 </ref> except a few items including water, olive oil, ginger, cinnamon, ox-meat, <ref>39 Melachos (vol 2 pg 579-580) </ref> and milk. <ref>Mishna Brurah 318:39 at the end </ref>

#Certain foods (such as potatoes, meat, kugel, or whole beans) store heat and should be treated as a Kli Rishon as long as it’s 113 degrees even if transferred to a Kli Sheni or Shelishi. <ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:58 </ref> For example, one shouldn’t put butter or seasoning on a hot (113 degree) potato or piece of meat. <ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:58 </ref> An exception to the rule, is that salt and some say even ketchup may be placed on the hot foods. <ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:58 because they are already cooked. </ref>

#Two exceptions to the rule of placing liquids in a Kli Sheni are oil and water which may be placed in a Kli Sheni. <ref>Shaar HaTziyun 318:68, Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:59 </ref>

#It’s permitted to place sugar, saccharin, instant coffee, soup powder, milk powder, instant cocoa, table salt, or [[cooking]] salt into a Kli Sheni as they have been cooked in the manufacturing process. <ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:49, 54. Rav Moshe Feinstein (Igros Moshe O.C. 4:7) writes that some are stringent to first place the coffee into a kli sheini before adding the coffee as to avoid the potential problems of Kalei Bishul</ref>

#It’s forbidden to place tea leaves or ordinary cocoa in a Kli Sheni. <ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:53 </ref>

#A fully baked (dry heat), roasted, or fried food may not be cooked (liquid heat). According to Ashkenazim one may not cook the baked, roasted or fried food in a Kli Rishon or Kli Sheni. <ref>S”A 318:5 brings two opinions and Rama writes that the Minhag is to be strict even in a Kli Sheni. Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:59 holds like the Rama that it’s forbidden even in a Kli Sheni. </ref>

#Fully cooked liquid (whether it is warm or cold) may be placed in a Kli Sheni for example, tea essence, and there is what to rely on regarding pasteurized milk. <ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata. 1:8(2), 1:55, Mishna Brurah 318:39(end) regarding tea essence and milk</ref>

#One may pour from a Kli Sheni onto fully cooked liquid (whether it is warm or cold) <ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata. 1:8(2) </ref>

#One should not pour hot water (which has the temperature of 113 degrees) from a Kli Sheni onto a raw egg, non-boiled tea leaves, or herring. <ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:57 </ref>

#A fully baked (dry heat), roasted, or fried food may be cooked (liquid heat) in a Kli Shelishi. Therefore, if soup was ladled from a pot into a bowl it’s permissible to place bread in the bowl. <ref>Mishna Brurah 318:45, Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:59 (new edition 1:68). Shemirat Shabbat Kehilchata stipulates that the ladle must not have been left in the pot for a long time otherwise the ladle is a kli rishon.</ref>

#It’s forbidden (Deoritta Bishul) to stir hot food that isn’t fully cooked when it’s on the fire or removed from the fire as long as it’s 113 degrees in a Kli Rishon. <ref>In [[Shabbat]] 18b, the Gemara says that there’s no issue of Megis (stirring) a hot food if the pot is totally sealed with cement implying that stirring a hot food is forbidden as Bishul, [[cooking]] (Rashi 18b s.v. Rambam 3:11, S”A 318:18, Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:31, and 39 Melachos (vol 2 pg 560) codify this law as halacha. </ref>

#One can’t even take out a serving utensil from a Kli Rishon (even off the fire), unless the food is cold (not at the level of 113 degrees). <ref>When Rambam 3:11 and S”A 318:18 quote the law of stirring, they extend it to the case of removing a serving spoon from a hot food which causes a mixing of the food. Bet Yosef explains that when the Rambam forbids by a pot on the fire, it also includes the case of where the pot came off the fire and is still boiling. This is found explicitly in the Ran 6b and Rabbenu Yerucham 3:12 pg 68a. S”A rules this law with the language of a pot removed from the fire. This is brought as halacha in Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:31. </ref>

#Ashkenazim are strict and do not even take a serving spoon out of a pot of fully cooked food (that’s 113 degrees) while it’s on the fire. <ref>Ran 6b (according to the version of the Bet Yosef 318:18 quoted by the Hagahot HaBach on the Rif) writes that even removing a serving spoon from the pot of hot food is forbidden because in that act one stirs the food. Rambam 3:11 also rules that putting a serving spoon is forbidden because of stirring. However, Magid Mishna 3:11 explains that that Rambam (and Ran who says this explicitly) only forbade a hot food that wasn’t totally cooked but stirring is permitted if it’s totally cooked (Bet Yosef adds that according to those who hold there’s no issue of [[cooking]] once it’s cooked to the stage of Machal Ben Derosai Dursai, here too, stirring is permitted at Machal Ben Dursai). [Interestingly, [[Maggid]] Mishna 9:4 says in name of Ramban (18b D”H VeHalo Megis) and Rashba (18b s.v. Tzemer LeYurah) that once the hot food was stirred once it’s considered cooked and there’s no issue of [[cooking]] with the second stirring.] S”A 318:18 rules that it’s permitted to remove a spoon from a fully cooked food even when it’s on the fire. However, the Rama is strict not to remove a utensil or stir the pot whether it’s on the fire or even off the fire based on Sh”t Mahari Vill 30. The achronim including Eliyah Raba 318:40, Chaye Adam 20:9, Levush 321:9, Pri Megadim M”Z 321:23, Sh”t Zera Emet 1:40, Tehila LeDavid 252:1, Mishna Brurah 318:117, 39 Melachos (vol 2 pg 561-2), and Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:32 agree that Ashkenazim should be strict like the Rama while the food is still on the fire both not to stir and not to remove a utensil (and they mention that if there’s one who wants to be stringent one should be stringent in regards to stirring something off the fire). Sh”t Igrot Moshe 4:74 is strict like the Rama regarding food that’s on the fire and explains that that one may not stir food on the fire because one might assume that the food is totally cooked and it may turn out that it isn’t, which would be a violation of a Torah prohibition. Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:32 adds that if there’s going to be no way to remove food from the pot and return it to the fire (because of absence of a suitable cover of the fire) one may be lenient and remove food (not stir) as long as the food is surely fully cooked. </ref> However, Sephardim hold it’s permitted even if in the act one turns the food that was on top of the pot to be moved to the bottom closer to the fire. <ref>See above note. The Chida in name of the Radvaz 3:411, Taz 318:23, Sh"t Yabea Omer OC 10:55, and Yalkut Yosef ([[Shabbat]] vol 3 pg 187) rule like S”A. [Interestingly, Orchot Rabbenu Kehilat Yacov pg 149 writes that in the house of the Chazon Ish and Kehilat Yacov (who were Ashkenazic), they actually took food from a pot on the fire when the food was fully cooked, not like the Rama (however, Orchot Rabbenu explains that since they were so strict regarding Chazara, if they weren’t lenient in this regard, they wouldn’t have hot food on [[Shabbat]]). The Chazon Ish 37:15 actually rules this way. </ref>

#If the fully cooked food is off the fire, one can completely mix the food. <ref>Bet Yosef 321 quotes Sh”t Rambam 68 (and the halacha is also found in Rambam Hilchot [[Shabbat]] 21:13) who permits mixing a hot food that was fully cooked and removed from the fire. S”A 318:18 rules that it’s permitted to remove a spoon from a fully cooked food even when it’s on the fire, implying when off the fire and it’s fully cooked one can actually stir the food. Yalkut Yosef (Kitzur S”A vol 1 pg 631), and Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:32 rule that once the food is off the fire, one may stir the food. [Mishna Brurah 318:117 writes that if one want to be strict one shouldn’t stir it but just remove the food from the pot.] </ref> However, some are strict unless there's a need. <ref>39 Melachos (vol 2 pg 561) </ref>

#It is permitted to put a spoon or ladle inside a pot, which is off the fire, as long as one is careful that the spoon or ladle is free from any remnants of water or uncooked food. <ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:34 </ref>

#Lastly, if one didn't prepare tea essence before [[Shabbat]] some poskim are lenient to make tea using a Kli Shelishi by pouring boiling water from an urn to a cup (Kli Sheni) and from that cup to another cup (Kli Shelishi) and putting the tea bag in the Kli Shelishi. <ref>Igrot Moshe 4:74(15) writes that a Kli Shelishi doesn't cook at all and so it's permissible to put a tea bag in a Kli Shelishi. This is also the opinion of the 39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 661). There are some who disagreed with this idea, namely the Aruch HaShulchan 318:28 and Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:63 (in the new edition, see note 192). [The Mishna Brurah 318:39 clearly leave out this option implying that it's not a valid alternative. [http://www.yutorah.org/lectures/lecture.cfm/735738/Rabbi_Aryeh_Lebowitz/Making_Tea_on_Shabbos Rabbi Aryeh Lebowitz in an article on yutorah.org] writes "The Mishna Brurah writes that one may not cook tea even in a Kli Shelishi." and in a [http://www.yutorah.org/lectures/lecture.cfm/754922/Rabbi_Aryeh_Lebowitz/Ten_Minute_Halacha_-_Making_Tea_on_Shabbos Rabbi Lebowitz on the Ten Minute Halacha] repeats the same statement which seemingly isn't totally precise as the Mishna Brurah actually makes no mention of Kli Shelishi at all.]