Trumah, Maaser Rishon, Maaser Sheni, Maaser Ani

From Halachipedia

Trumah Gedolah

  1. Trumah Gedolah (lit. great or large)[1] is the first to be separated[2] and it is given to a Kohen.[3]
  2. Nowadays when all the Kohanim are Tamei Meit (lit. impurity from a dead body) and can't eat Trumah[4] there is no obligation to give it to them.[5]
    1. The Trumah should be buried.[6] Alternatively, one can wrap it up and place it in the garbage.[7]
    2. Some are of the opinion that Trumah oil should be given to Kohanim for them to burn for fire or light.[8]
  3. Any amount separated is sufficient to fulfill the obligation of Trumah.[9]
  4. Trumah should be separated min hamukaf (lit. from that which is together). See The Rules of Separating Trumot and Maaserot for more.

Maaser Rishon

  1. Maaser Rishon (lit. the first tithe) is second to be separated[10] and is given to a Levi.[11]
  2. Even nowadays Maaser may be eaten.[12] Some give their definite Maaser to Levi'im to eat,[13] others eat it themselves.[14]

Trumat Maaser

Maaser Sheini

Maaser Ani

Sources

  1. ↑ Trumah Gedolah is synonymous with regular Trumah. The Yereim (146) writes that it is called Gedolah, great, because it is the first of the tithes to be separated. Additionally, there is no set amount and one could give large quantities of it so it is called "large." The Sefer Hachareidim (chapter 7) and the Shlah (letter ק) explain that it is called Gedolah as a euphemism as on a Torah level an little amount is sufficient. See Mishpitei Aretz chapter 11 fn. 1 who discusses this at length.
  2. ↑ Mishnah Trumot 3:7; Rambam Trumot 3:23; Shulchan Aruch Y.D. 331:19; Mishpitei Aretz 11:1.
  3. ↑ Devarim 18:4; Rambam Trumot 2:14; Shulchan Aruch 331:19; Mishpitei Aretz 11:1.
  4. ↑ Rambam Trumot 7:1-3. There are two separate prohibitions when it comes to Tumah and Trumah: 1. a Tameih Kohen who eats Trumah is chayav mitah bidei shamayim 2. a Tahor Kohen who eats Trumah Tmei'ah violates a Mitzvat Aseih.
  5. ↑ The Radvaz (Sh"t 1:731) writes that we don't give Kohanim Trumah nowadays as we are worried it may be handled improperly and potentially even eaten. The Chazon Ish (Shvi'it 5:4; 5:12) adds that we don't know who is for sure a Kohen or not [see also Derech Emunah Trumot perek 2 si'if katan 139; perek 6 si'if katan 20].
  6. ↑ The Sefer Hatrumah (Hilchot Eretz Yisrael) and the Smag (Lo Taaseih 258) write that tameih Trumah should only be burned, not buried (based off of the Mishnah Temurah 33b). Nevertheless, the Chazon Ish (Shviit 5:10, Maaserot 7:13; see also Derech Emunah Trumot chap. 2 Tziyun Halacha 394 who cites similarly from the Kaftor v'ferach and Radvaz) writes that Trumah is buried due to the difficulty of burning it and the potential for accidentally coming to eat it. This is the formative Halacha cited in Mishpitei Aretz 11:5. Rav Chaim Kanievsky (Derech Emunah Trumot perek 2 si'if katan 139 at the end) adds that Trumah should be buried in a timely fashion in order to avoid any misuse.
    • With regards to Tahor Trumah [i.e Trumah that has not touched any of the seven liquids- water, wine, blood, honey, milk, dew and oil- since it was cut from the ground] everyone agrees that it shouldn't be burned, rather buried (Derech Emunah Ibid. 395). [See also Derech Emunah Trumot perek 2 si'if katan 139 for a discussion about feeding Tahor Trumah to the animal of a Kohen.]
  7. ↑ Derech Emunah Trumot chap. 2 si'if katan 139. This was the practice of the Steipler and the Chazon Ish (see Orchot Rabbeinu vol. 3 page 229 in the new editions).
  8. ↑ Maharit (1:85) and Shiyarei Knesset Hagedolah (Haghat Hatur Y.D. 331:23) explain that normally there isn't so much value to Trumah as we are all Tameih, however, by oil where there is the value of burning it, it should be given to a Kohen. See Mishpitei Aretz 11:5 who cites this opnion; this opinion is predicated upon the fact that Kohanim nowadays have the full status of Kohanim. The Chazon Ish (Shviit 5:4 amongst many other places) disagrees.
    • Rav Moshe Shternbuch (Sh"t Teshuvot v'Hanhagot 4:252) is inclined to say that we should try to fulfill the Mitzvah of giving Trumah to a Kohen [for fire or fodder- see Derech Emunah (perek 2 si'if katan 139 and Tziyun Halacha 389, 401) who limits feeding to animals only to Trumah Tehorah, Rav Shternbuch, however, thinks it can be done even with Trumah Tmei'ah].
    • It is important to note that a non-Kohen is not permitted to burn Trumah for his own use (see Mishpitei Aretz 11:6 and Derech Emunah Trumot perek 2 si'if katan 139).
  9. ↑ On a Torah level, any amount is separated is sufficient to fulfill the obligation of Trumah. However, m'Derabanan they instituted that a generous person gives 1/40, an average person gives 1/50 and a stingy person gives 1/60. Nowadays, where the Trumah doesn't get used, we follow the Torah obligation to separate any amount (see Rambam Trumot 3:1-2; Shulchan Aruch Y.D. 331:19; Mishpitei Aretz 11:1).
    • According to those who say we give Trumah oil to Kohanim to burn, one should give according to the amount of the Rabanan (see Maharit 1:85; Mishpitei Aretz chap. 11 fn. 11).
  10. ↑ If it was separated first, before Trumah, see Rambam Trumot 3:23; Chazon Ish Shvi'it end of siman 1; Mishpitei Aretz 13:2, and chap.18.
  11. ↑ Bamidbar 18:21; Rambam Maaser 1:1.
    • The Rambam adds that Maaser can even be given to a female Levite. Derech Emunah (Maaser chap. 1 si'if katan 8) cites from many Rishonim that even if the female Levite married a Yisrael, she can still receive Maaser.
  12. ↑ Maaser has no kedusha, therefore it may be eaten even by a Tameih Yisrael or a non-Jew. See Bamidbar 18:27; Rambam Maaser 1:2; Derech Emunah Ad. Loc. si'if katan 10-11.
  13. ↑ Sh"t Maharit (1:85) writes that one must give his Maaser to a Levi. Rav Betzalel Asheknazi (Sh"t R' Betzalel Asheknazi end of siman 2) goes as far as saying that one who eats his Maaser is considered to have stolen from Shevet Levi. The Derech Emunah (Trumot chap. 6 tziyun halacha 78) cites from the Kaftor Vaferach that one should ideally give his Maaser to a Levi. This is also the opinion of Rav Moshe Shternbuch (Sh"t Teshuvot v'Hanhagot 4:252).
    • However, eveyone agrees that by safeik Maaser you don't need to give it to a Levi (see Derech Emunah Ibid.). Rabbi Daniel Mann notes in his article to the Jewish Link that most produce without hashgacha in the Israeli markets are only a safeik tevel and one wouldn't need to give the Maaserot that he separated to a Levi.
  14. ↑ The Chazon Ish (Shvi'it 5:12; Derech Emunah Trumot chap. 6 si'if katan 20) writes that since Levi'im's lineage is only confirmed by their own testimony, there is no obligation to give them Maaser Rishon.
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