Pores Al Shema

From Halachipedia

One who missed Barchu in its regular place at Shacharit may repeat it with a minyan at a later point. This repetition is known as Pores Al Shema. Additionally, there is a Halacha that in certain circumstances a person who missed Chazarat Hashatz can say part of Shmoneh Esrei outloud and recite Kedusha outside the regular constructs of a Tefillah B'tzibbur.

The Name Pores Al Shema

  1. The literal meaning of 'Pores' is divide, section off. The repetition of Barchu is called Pores Al Shema as it contains only a limited portion of Birchot Kriat Shema and cuts the rest out.[1]
  2. Alternatively, Pores in Aramaic means blessing and beginning. The repetition of Barchu with part of Birchot Kriat Shema is called Pores Al Shema as one is beginning the blessings of Shema once again.[2]

What's Repeated?

  1. The Shulchan Aruch[3] writes that one who comes to be Pores Al Shema recites Kadish, Barchu and the first Bracha of Birchot Kriat Shema Shel Shacharit, namely Yotzer Ohr.
  2. However, the Rama[4] writes that the prevailing custom nowadays is to omit the Bracha of Yotzer Ohr and just to say Kadish and Barchu. This is the common practice of both Sephardim and Ashkenazim.

The Circumstances In Which One is Pores Al Shema

  1. The Shulchan Aruch[5] writes that even if all 10 individuals already Davened, they can still be Pores Al Shema after the fact. However, according to the Radvaz,[6] once each individual has davened separately, they forfeit their opportunity to recite Barchu.
    • The Mishnah Brurah[7] brings Poskim on both sides of the Machloket, and concludes with the words of the Chatam Sofer that the accepted practice is like the Radvaz.[8] Nonetheless, in a place where they are lenient to follow the Shulchan Aruch, they may keep their custom.[9]
  2. If at least one person has not yet davened then he can be Pores Al Shema and say Kaddish and Barchu once he gets up to Birchot Kriat Shema.[10] Another congregant may also be Pores on behalf of that person who has yet to say Birchot Kriat Shema.[11]
  3. There are those who are of the opinion that even if everyone has already davened, if there is a person who has yet to hear Barchu that day then they are Pores Al Shema.[12]
    • There is a custom to always recite Barchu after the last Kaddish in Shacharit in case there is someone in the minyan who has yet to hear Barchu.[13] However, on days where we assume all the congregants heard Barchu, such as on Shabbat/Yom Tov or Monday/Thursday where there's Kriat Hatorah with numerous Barchu's, then we don't repeat Barchu at the end of davening.[14] This is the common practice of many Ashkenazic Shul's in Eretz Yisrael.
    • The Sephardic practice is to always repeat Barchu at the end of davening even on days where Kriat Hatorah is done.[15]
    • There are those who don't have the practice whatsoever to repeat Barchu.[16] This is the common Ashkenazic practice in America.

Who Repeats it?

  1. Either the person who missed Barchu or someone else on his behalf may recite the extra Barchu to fulfill the obligation.[17]
  2. Regarding the practice to always say Barchu after davening, it is appropriate for the...

Pores Al Shema by Arvit

  1. By Arvit/Maariv a person doesn't have to be Pores Al Shema to say Barchu in it's proper place i.e before Birchot Kriat Shema, as there is no obligation to say Kaddish before Arvit/Maariv [although some do have a custom, we don't invoke Pores Al Shema for a custom].[18]
    • Nonetheless, one can be Pores Al Shema by Arvit/Maariv if he wants to.[19]
      • If missed Barchu, but has already davened Maariv then whether or not he should say Barchu is dependent on the Machloket Shulchan Aruch and Radvaz .
  2. Those who have the custom to always recite Barchu after davening should do the same by Arvit too.[20]

Making Up Kedusha- Shacharit

  1. In addition to making up Kaddish and Barchu, there is also the oppurtunity to make up Kedusha in Shmoneh Esrei. If there's a minyan of people, the person who missed Kedusha says the first two Brachot of Shmoneh Esrei out loud and then says Kedusha. The person should then conclude the rest of Shmoneh Esrei silently.
    • This should only be done by a person who hasn't davened yet.[21]
    • Ideally the person who hasn't heard Kedusha yet should be the one to
  2. If there are 6 people that haven't davened yet then they can repeat the entire Chazarat Hashatz out loud like a regular minyan.

Making Up Kedusha- Mincha

Sources

  1. ↑ Shulchan Aruch O.C. 69:1 citing from the Ran on Megillah 23b.
  2. ↑ See Pri Megadim, Mishbitzot Zahav 69:1.
  3. ↑ O.C 69:1. The Mishnah Brurah 69:3 explains the reasoning behind reciting the Bracha of Yotzer Ohr, despite the fact that the person has already said all the Birchot Kriat Shema, in order to avoid appearing like a heretic. Since the person has said Barchu Et Hashem Hamevorach, and no one responds it will appear as if the congregation is refusing to bless Hashem. Therefore, the person says the Bracha of Yotzer Ohr out loud so that the congregation is considered to have recited it in unison with him through the principal of Shome'ah k'Oneh.
  4. ↑ O.C. 69:1. The Mishnah Brurah 69:4 explains that given the prevailing custom is for the congregation to respond to Barchu, Baruch Hashem Hamevorach l'Olam va'Ed, there is no longer any concern for heresy and it is unnecessary to recite the Bracha of Yotzer Ohr.
  5. ↑ O.C. 69:1.
  6. ↑ As cited by the Mishnah Brurah 69:1.
  7. ↑ O.C. 69:1.
  8. ↑ This is the formative Halacha brought down in the sefer Ishei Yisrael 34:1. Even for Sephardim who generally follow the practice of the Shulchan Aruch, the Sh"t Rav Po'alim and Kaf Hachaim (as cited by the commentary Ish Matzli'ach on the Mishnah Brurah Ad. Loc.) write that here the custom is like the Radvaz. The Ish Maztliach adds that this was the final Psak of Rav Ovadiah and Rav Yitzchak Yosef to follow the Radvaz.
  9. ↑ Ishei Yisrael Perek 34 footnote 1 citing from the Sh"t Mlameid l'Ho'il 1:3.
  10. ↑ Mishnah Brurah 69:1, explaining even for the opinion of the Radvaz. It is important to note (see Mishnah Brurah 69:2 and Rama O.C. 54:3) that that in order to say Kaddish one needs to have just said Yishtabach or if there has a been a significant delay he should say a few pesukim beforehand.
  11. ↑ Mishnah Brurah 69:1.
  12. ↑ Mishnah Brurah Hakdamah to Siman 69. This psak seems to contradict what he writes in 69:1 as there he concludes like the Radvaz that if everyone has already davened we aren't Pores Al Shema.
  13. ↑ Rama O.C. 133:1. See also Mishnah Brurah Hakdamah to siman 69 who cites this custom.
  14. ↑ Rama O.C. 133:1 regarding Shabbat and Yom Tov. See Sefer Eretz Yisrael 1:2:2 (as quoted by the Dirshu footnotes) who extends this Halacha to the Kriat Hatorah on Monday's and Thursday's. The Mishnah Brurah (Hakdamah to siman 69) adds that even on non-leining days, if we know no one missed Barchu then it should not be repeated. However, the Chazon Ish is quoted (see Ishei Yisrael perek 34 footnote 30). Rav Neventzahl (Ha'arot b'Yitzchak Yikarei to Mishnah Brurah 133:1) writes that this is the appropriate practice as to avoid pointing out and embarrassing the person who came late.
  15. ↑ Kaf Hachaim 133:1 cited l'Halacha as the common Sephardic practice by the Ish Matzliach (comments to Mishnah Brurah siman 133). This practice is based on Torat Nistar rooted in the words of the Arizal.
  16. ↑ Aruch Hashulchan O.C. 133:5.
  17. ↑ Mishnah Brurah Hakdamah to siman 69.
  18. ↑ Rama O.C. 69:1. Mishnah Brurah 69:7 explains that the institution of Pores Al Shema was only meant to enable a person to say his obligatory Kaddish and Barchu at Shacharit, but by Arvit/Maariv where there's no obligation for Kaddish we aren't Pores Al Shema just for the Barchu.
  19. ↑ Aruch Hashulchan 69:11; Shulchan Aruch Harav 69:3. Mishnah Brurah 69:6 also writes that a person can say Barchu before his Arvit/Maariv but he should make sure to recite the first Bracha of Birchot Kriat Shema out loud. The Mishnah Brurah adds that a person may even be able to recite the Kaddish before his Shmoneh Esrei [given the Minyan is still around] as part of his Pores Al Shema. [The Ish Matzliach (comments to Mishnah Brurah) writes that there are Sephardic Poskim who allow a person to even say the Kaddish Titkabeil after his Shmoneh Esrei (this Halacha is contreversial and is subject to different Minhagim and a local Poseik should be consulted)].
  20. ↑ Ishei Yisrael 34:10.
  21. ↑ Mishnah Brurah 69:8 citing the Radvaz. However, according to the Shulchan Aruch even a person who already davened can repeat Shmoneh Esrei in the above fashion in order to say Kedusha.
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