Hafarat Nedarim

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Stages of Marriage

Prior to Kiddushin/Erusin

  1. The Torah gives license to a man to revoke the Nedarim of his young daughter and those of his wife. This action is known as "Hafarah." A father can only revoke his daughter's Nedarim while she is a Ketana (below the age of twelve) or Na'arah (between twelve with Simanim and twelve and a half). Once she becomes a Bogeret (twelve and a half with Simanim) or reaches Nissuin, he may no longer revoke her Nedarim.[1]
  2. The practice of Talmidei Chachamim is to tell their daughters prior to Kiddushin that all Nedarim they have taken are hereby revoked.[2]

During Erusin

  1. As an Arusah, a Ketana or Na'arah partially enters her husband's domain, so he can revoke her Nedarim she takes during Erusin or even beforehand in tandem with her father, until she enters the Chuppah and does Nissuin. Only when she fully enters his domain with Chuppah and Nissuin can the husband alone revoke her Nedarim, even if in the meantime he becomes obligated to feed her during Erusin.[3]
  2. If either the father or the husband revokes her Neder but the other does not, the Neder is weakened but not revoked, so she would not receive Malkot if she violates it from then on.[4]
  3. According to the Rambam, both father and husband have to hear of and revoke the Neder on the same day, while the Ramban argues each one can hear and revoke on separate days.[5]
  4. Though it's effective by a Nessuah, taking back one's upholding of an Arusah's Neder does not allow him to then revoke it.[6]
  5. Prior to Nissuin, the practice of Talmidei Chachamim is to inform their wives that all Nedarim taken previously are hereby revoked, because a husband cannot revoke any Nedarim taken prior to Nissuin, even if the father heard and revoked it during Erusin.[7]

Messengers of the Father and Husband

  1. If the Arus sends messengers to retrieve his wife from the father and they return with her alone, then she has left her father's domain and, according to some, is now in her husband's domain with respect to Hafarat Nedarim of any Nedarim she takes going forward,[8] as Mesirah is like Nissuin.[9]
  2. If, however, the father or the father's messengers escort her with the husbands's messengers, then she remains in the father's domain until they pass her over to the husband or his messengers.[10]

Bogeret

  1. The husband of a Bogeret cannot revoke her Nedarim during Erusin.[11]
  2. If neither the husband nor father of a Naarah HaMeorasah hears of her Nedarim before she becomes a Bogeret during Erusin, neither can revoke her Nedarim any longer, even if the father already revoked the Nedar, because the father cannot revoke the Nedarim of a Bogeret and the husband can only revoke Nedarim during Erusin in tandem with the father.[12]

After Nissuin

  1. The husband can revoke her Nedarim exclusively from Nissuin and on.[13] Even if his wife is shrieking in disapproval, she cannot prevent her husband from revoking her Nedarim.[14]

Divorced

  1. If they get divorced, the husband cannot revoke her Nedarim from the moment the divorce has taken effect and the Get has arrived in her hands. Thus, if the status of the divorce is unclear, he should not revoke any of her Nedarim.[15] Similarly, if the divorce was made on condition or if the Get was handed to her courier (Shliach leHolacha)[16], he should not revoke any of her Nedarim if the Get arrived in her hands.[17] Post-facto, it would not be a valid Hafarah[18], unless it was a Get on conditio and the condition was not fulfilled.[19]

Widowed

  1. If she heard that her husband passed away, remarried, and then found out that he's still alive, neither husband can revoke her Nedarim. The same is true regarding any marriage that violates a Karet level prohibition.[20]

Types of Marriages

  1. As above, these Halachot assume the marriage is a Halachically valid one. If the marriage entails an Issur Karet, these Halachot do not apply, because Kiddushin does not work in such cases.[21] However, if the marriage is to a Niddah, Issur Aseh, or Issur Lav, in which case, Kiddushin do take hold, and the husband revokes her Neder, the revocation is successful,[22] though he should not do so, ideally.[23]

Types of Nedarim

  1. The husband and father can only revoke Nedarim that are self afflicting to the woman or strain the bond between him and her. A Chacham, however, can annul any Neder.[24]
  2. Even if it was a Nedar Al Da'at Rabbim, the father and husband can still revoke it.[25]
  3. These Halachot apply equally to Shevuot, as well.[26]

Sources

  1. ↑ Shulchan Aruch Yoreh Deah 234:1
  2. ↑ Shulchan Aruch Yoreh Deah 234:10
  3. ↑ Shulchan Aruch Yoreh Deah 234:5, see Shulchan Aruch Even HaEzer 56:1 regarding when he would be obligated to feed her.
  4. ↑ Shulchan Aruch Yoreh Deah 234:5
  5. ↑ Shulchan Aruch Yoreh Deah 234:5 presents these two as a Stam vaYesh. The Tur thinks the Ramban is logical, so the Taz (Yoreh Deah 234:6) writes the Shulchan Aruch paskened Safek De'Oraita leChumra. Bach quoted by Shach Yoreh Deah 234:13 points out that one should be Machmir, especially since it's a Stam vaYesh.
  6. ↑ Shulchan Aruch Yoreh Deah 234:6, who omits the Rashba's position that this is only true if the father does it. The Shach Yoreh Deah 234:16 posits this is true even if he takes it back on the same day.
  7. ↑ Shulchan Aruch Yoreh Deah 234:10
  8. ↑ And neither father nor husband can revoke Nedarim taken between leaving the father's domain and entering the husband's. Beit Yosef Yoreh Deah 238:8, Shach Yoreh Deah 234:18. Taz Yoreh Deah 234:9 takes issue with this position.
  9. ↑ Shulchan Aruch Yoreh Deah 234:8. who presents it as a Stam vaYesh, based on a Machaloket Rashi and the Tur against Tosafot with the Rambam seemingly siding with the former group.
  10. ↑ Shulchan Aruch Yoreh Deah 234:8
  11. ↑ Taz Yoreh Deah 234:4
  12. ↑ Shulchan Aruch Yoreh Deah 234:9, Shach Yoreh Deah 234:19
  13. ↑ Shulchan Aruch Yoreh De'ah 234:2
  14. ↑ Shu"t HaRivash Siman 407, Beit Yosef Yoreh Deah 234:2-3
  15. ↑ Shulchan Aruch Yoreh De'ah 234:2
  16. ↑ Taz Yoreh Deah 234:1. Shach Yoreh Deah 234:6 who quotes the Bach who argues that a Shaliach cannot be considered her hand with respect to this.
  17. ↑ Shulchan Aruch Yoreh De'ah 234:3
  18. ↑ Bach Yoreh Deah 234:4, Shach Yoreh Deah 234:7
  19. ↑ Shach Yoreh Deah 234:8
  20. ↑ Shulchan Aruch Yoreh De'ah 234:4
  21. ↑ Shulchan Aruch Yoreh De'ah 234:4
  22. ↑ Shulchan Aruch Yoreh De'ah 234:5, Taz Yoreh Deah 234:2
  23. ↑ Shach Yoreh De'ah 234:10
  24. ↑ Shulchan Aruch Yoreh De'ah 234:55,58, Shach Yoreh Deah 234:1
  25. ↑ Shulchan Aruch Yoreh Deah 228:24, Shulchan Aruch Yoreh Deah 234:1, Shach Yoreh Deah 234:4
  26. ↑ Shulchan Aruch Yoreh De'ah 234:3, Shach Yoreh Deah 234:2
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