Animals on Shabbat
From Halachipedia
Forbidden uses of an animal
- It's forbidden to ride an animal on Shabbat. [1]
- Moving an animal is forbidden because of Muktzah. [2] Some poskim permit moving an animal that can be used to quiet a child. [3]
- If the animal is in a cage or tank, then the whole cage or tank becomes muktzeh as a base for the muktzeh animals themselves. [4]
- Commanding one's animal to perform a melacha on Shabbat is forbidden because of Amirah LeNochri. [5]
Letting one's animal rest on Shabbat
- Letting one's animal rest and not do the 39 Melachot on Shabbat is a Biblical commandment from the Pasuk לְמַעַן יָנוּחַ, שׁוֹרְךָ וַחֲמֹרֶךָ. The prohibition is called Shevitat Behemto. [6]
- Renting out one's work animal (such as a horse, mule, or donkey) to a non-Jew for Shabbat is forbidden because the non-Jew may do work with it. [7]
- It's permissible to give to a goy one's animal for Shabbat as long as one doesn't collect a rental fee. [8]
- It's even permissible to give the goy one's animal on Shabbat itself. [9]
Feeding animals on Shabbat
- It is forbidden to feed an animal which don't live in your house and don't depend on you for food. For example, it is not proper to place wheat before birds on Shabbat Shirah.[10] Otherwise, it is permissible to feed animals, such as by placing food in front of them or pouring fish food into a tank.[11]
Handling animals on Shabbat
- See the Muktzeh page
Trapping animal on Shabbat
- See the page on the melacha of Tzad (Trapping).
- One may kill an animal whose bite poses a danger to a person's life, such as a poisonous snake or yellow scorpion. [12]
Sources
- ↑ The Mishna in Betzah 36b writes that the Rabbinical Gezerot of Shabbat also apply to Yom Tov and includes on the list the prohibition of riding an animal on Shabbat. The Gemara explains that the logic of the Gezerah is that the Rabbis were concerned that a person riding an animal might come to pull a branch off a tree to use as a whip. Bet Yosef 305:18 quotes the Rosh in name of the Yerushalmi that says that riding an animal on Shabbat is forbidden because of Shevitat Behemto.
- ↑ S"A 308:39, S"A Harav 308:78, The Gemara in Shabbos 128b states that animals are muktzeh. Maggid Mishneh on Rambam Hilchot Shabbat 25:25 says that since they have no use they are in the category of muktzeh machmat gufo. This is the explanation of the Beit Yosef OC 308: "kofin", and Mishna Berura 308:146. R' Moshe Feinstein (Iggros Moshe OC 4:16), R' Shlomo Zalman Auerbach (Shmiras Shabbos K'hilchasa 27 - see footnote 96), and R' Ovadia Yosef (Yabiah Omer 5:26) concur. Mishna Berura 308:146 adds that this would be true even if not moving the animal would cause financial loss.
- ↑ S"A Harav 308:78 is stringent even in this case. Tosafot Shabbat 45b "hacha", Mordechai Shabbat 316 and Hagahot Ashri on Rosh, Shabbat 3:21 all cite those who are lenient for this, but themselves are stringent. Rosh quoted in Maharach Or Zarua 82 is also stringent.
However, Sh"t Halachot Ketanot 45 is lenient and Sh"t Merosh Tzurim cuotes that Rav Mordechai Eliyahu was lenient - ↑ Rabbi Eli Mansour
- ↑ The Or Letzion 1:23 proves from the Gemara Shabbat 19a that there exists a rabbinic prohibition of Amirah LeNochri for animals. He explains that there are two reasons that apply to regular Amirah LeNochri: 1) it appears as though the non-Jew is the agent of the Jew working on Shabbat and 2) one is speak about weekday activities, such as melacha, on Shabbat. He says that even though the first reason doesn't apply to animals, the second one does.
- ↑ Shemot 23:12 is the source of Shevitat Behemto. Rambam Shabbat 20:1 brings it as halacha.
- ↑ S”A 246:3 rules, renting one’s large/work animal (horse, mule, or donkey) to a non-Jew is definitely forbidden because the goy may do work with it on Shabbat.
- ↑ The dispute in the Rishonim is brought by the Bet Yosef 305:23.
- (a) The Hagahot Mordechai (kedushin) writes that it’s permissible to give a small animal to a goy because it’s not usually used for work implying that a large animal would be forbidden because it may do work. The Darkei Moshe writes that the difference is that a large animal would do work which is Deorittah and a small animal would only be traveling more than techum which is Derabbanan (or even if you hold it is Deorittah it’s still not the same Deorittah because it doesn’t get Sekilah).
- (b) The Kolbo (end of book) in name of Rav Hai Goan writes that one can’t give any animal to a goy because the goy might bring the animal past the techum.
- (c) The Shibolei HaLeket quotes Rav Hai Goan who said that as long as you’re not renting it on Shabbat (which would clearly be forbidden as in S”A 246:3) and you don’t know that the goy is working it, it’s permitted. However if you see the goy doing work with it one should tell him not to work it.
- (d) S”A 305:23 rules like the Shibolei HaLeket in name of Rav Hai Goan permitting giving animals to a goy on Shabbat.
- (e) Even though it's certainly forbidden to rent a animal to a non-Jew, concerning selling/giving one’s animal to a goy there’s a dispute in the Rishonim whether it’s permissible.
- (f) The reason given by many Achronim (brought by Mishna Brurah 205:78) to differentiate is that the goy is fearful to work the animal if he is only borrowing or perhaps just watching the animal. Therefore since one doesn’t want the goy to work the animal and one doesn’t know about it, it’s permissible. However, renting an animal over Shabbat is forbidden because the goy is free to use the animal as he likes and so he will work it to get his money’s worth.
- (g) The differentiation of the Gra 305:23 (see Biur Halacha D”H VeAf) is just like by Shevitat Avdo the slave is allowed to do work for himself as long as you don’t command him to do work. Therefore, renting one’s animal is forbidden because you’re getting benefit out of it. However, giving the animal to a goy one doesn’t get any benefit if the animal does work and so it’s like it was doing work for itself and is permissible. Buir Halacha explains that if one sees the goy doing work with it one should protest because it looks like one is getting benefit from it.
- (h) One Nafka Minah is that of the Biur Halacha who explains that the language of S”A which is “if one sees the goy working the animal…” fits the explanation of the Gra precisely, however according to the other Achronim the language of one seeing the goy is inaccurate and the same would be true even if one didn’t see the goy but knew that such was true.
- ↑ Ba'er Heteiv 305:11 writes that implied from S”A is that it’s permissible to give or sell the animal to the goy even on Shabbat itself. However, the Sh”t Ram Alshaker 41 forbids giving it to a goy on Shabbat.
- ↑ Kitzur S"A 87:18
- ↑ Rabbi Eli Mansour
- ↑ Shulchan Aruch 316:10, Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 25:1
