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The fast of Tisha B’av | The fast of Tisha B’av commemorates five tragedies which occurred to the Jewish nation: | ||
#The Jews | #The Jews in the desert were told that they would not enter Eretz Yisrael following the sin of the spies. | ||
#The first Bet HaMikdash was destroyed. | #The first Bet HaMikdash was destroyed. | ||
#The second Bet HaMikdash was destroyed. | #The second Bet HaMikdash was destroyed. | ||
#Beitar, a city filled with over 10,000 Jews was captured and destroyed by the Romans during the Bar Kochva rebellion. | #Beitar, a city filled with over 10,000 Jews, was captured and destroyed by the Romans during the Bar Kochva rebellion. | ||
#Turnus Rufus plowed the area of the heichal. <ref>Mishna Taanit 26b, Rambam Hilchot Taaniyot 5:3, Chayei Adam 133:5, Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 121:5, Mishna Brurah 549:2 </ref> | #Turnus Rufus plowed the area of the heichal. <ref>Mishna Taanit 26b, Rambam Hilchot Taaniyot 5:3, Chayei Adam 133:5, Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 121:5, Mishna Brurah 549:2 </ref> | ||
This article is specifically about the fast of the ninth of Av. To learn about any of the other fast days [[Fast Days|click here]]. After Tisha B'av | This article is specifically about the fast of the ninth of Av. To learn about any of the other fast days [[Fast Days|click here]]. After Tisha B'av, there are days of consolation and celebration, including Shabbat Nachamu and [[Tu Be'Av]]. | ||
==Erev Tisha B'av== | ==Erev Tisha B'av== | ||
===Learning Torah=== | ===Learning Torah=== | ||
#Some Ashkenazim have the minhag not to learn after | #Some Ashkenazim have the minhag not to learn after midday on Erev Tisha BeAv (except for the things which one can learn on Tisha BeAv itself), while others allow learning all day. <ref>Rama 553:2 records the custom to stop learning torah at midday of erev tisha b'av. Magen Avraham 553:7 agrees. However, Mishna Brura 553:8 and Aruch Hashulchan 553:4 challenge this custom </ref> For Sephardim, it is permissible to learn the entire day of Erev Tisha BeAv. <ref>Chazon Ovadyah (Arba Taniyot pg 248). English Yalkut Yosef 553 fnt. 146 points out ruling in the Halichot Olam v. 2 was that if it would disturb him to only learn Tisha Bav material after Chatzot he may learn any subject of Torah. Also, if Tisha Bav is on Shabbat, technically someone can learn whatever they want but one who limits himself to Tisha Bav subjects will be blessed. However, Chazon Ovadia is his later ruling and there he is more lenient. Or Letzion 3:28:5 writes that one should refrain from learning regular subjects of Torah after chatzot and only learn the subjects that are permitted on Tisha B'av, however, for someone whom that is difficult for It is permitted to learn those subjects exclusively can learn anything.</ref> | ||
===Seuda Hamafseket=== | ===Seuda Hamafseket=== | ||
====Small Meal in Advance==== | ====Small Meal in Advance==== | ||
# | #The custom is to eat a large meal before [[Mincha]] and then to begin the Seuda Ha'mafseket after Mincha<ref>Rama 552:9</ref>. However, it is improper to overeat during the meal before Mincha, as one will then be too stuffed for the actual seuda ha'mafseket.<ref>Rama 552:9, Mishna Brurah 552:22. The Rama writes that the minhag was to have a large meal before mincha and then seuda mafseket after mincha. However, the Mishna Brurah 552:22 quotes many achronim who disapprove of this minhag and advise having only one cooked dish before mincha. The Eliya Rabba concludes that one can follow the minhag as long as one's intent is for heaven to be able to fast properly. Nonetheless he should make sure that the first meal isn't too elaborate so that the seuda mafseket is merely stuffing oneself and a snack and not a meal. Or Letzion 3:28:1 agrees. Kaf Hachaim O.C. 552:49:1 writes that the minhag of most people is to follow the Rama's minhag.</ref> | ||
# | #One should make sure to have a significant separation between the first meal and the seuda mafseket. It is improper to have a large meal, recite birkat hamazon, and then immediately afterwards have the seuda mafseket. The reason is that when one has a large meal before so that he is stuffed by the time he is eating the seuda mafseket, the seuda mafseket is merely ceremonial and the main seuda mafseket was the large meal beforehand. Also, it is a problem of [[bracha sheino tzaricha]]. Rather one should eat the large meal before Chatzot or much earlier in the day such as immediately after mincha gedola.<ref>Mishna Brurah 522:22. Or Letzion 3:28:1 writes that one can follow the minhag, nonetheless, he should have it a few hours before the seuda mafseket so that the seuda mafseket isn't stuffing oneself and it isn't a concern of [[bracha sheino tzaricha]] to have them too close to one another. The Kaf Hachaim O.C. 552:31:1 cites both of these reasons not to have other foods, say [[birkat hamazon]] and then have the seuda mafseket. In Kaf Hachaim O.C. 552:47:1 he says that it is permitted to have an elaborate meal after [[mincha gedola]] and then the seuda mafseket right before sunset and that is considered sufficiently separated. [http://halachayomit.co.il/en/Default.aspx?HalachaID=2091&PageIndex=18 halachayomit.co.il] writes that it is a completely improper minhag to have the large meal, recite birkat hamazon, and then have the seuda mafseket.</ref> | ||
#Someone who knows that he will be able to fast easily and is strict not to minimize with the first meal, prior to the seuda mafseket, or not have it will be praised as being holy.<ref>Rama 552:9</ref> | #Someone who knows that he will be able to fast easily and is strict not to minimize with the first meal, prior to the seuda mafseket, or not have it will be praised as being holy.<ref>Rama 552:9</ref> | ||
====Cooked Dishes==== | ====Cooked Dishes==== | ||
#During the | #During the seuda ha'mafseket, one should ensure not to eat more than one cooked food.<ref>Shulchan Aruch O.C. 552:1</ref> Roasted foods are the equivalent of cooked foods in this regard.<ref>Rama 552:3</ref> | ||
#Dairy products which are pasteurized are considered | #Dairy products which are pasteurized are considered cooked dishes.<ref>Or Letzion 3:28:2</ref> | ||
# | #Even though vegetable soup contains multiple vegetables, it's considered one cooked dish.<ref>Or Letzion 3:28:1</ref> Some say that it is only considered one dish if it's normally made that way during the year.<ref>Chazon Ovadia (Arba Taniyot p. 258)</ref> | ||
# | #Eggs that were cooked in multiple ways are considered separate cooked dishes. Therefore, one can't eat scrambled eggs and hard boiled eggs at the seuda mafseket.<ref>Chazon Ovadia (Arba Taniyot p. 256), Or Letzion 3:28:1</ref> | ||
#Even though raw vegetables aren't considered | #Even though raw vegetables aren't considered cooked dishes, one shouldn't eat a salad at the seuda mafseket.<ref>Or Letzion 3:28:1 citing Machzik Bracha 552:2 and Ben Ish Chai Devarim n. 19</ref> | ||
#Baked goods | #Baked goods aren't considered cooked dishes. Therefore, one is permitted to eat different types of cakes. However, one should only eat them to fill oneself and not for pleasure.<ref>Or Letzion 3:28:3</ref> | ||
#One shouldn't drink soda | #One shouldn't drink soda nor other pleasurable drinks at the seuda mafseket.<ref>Or Letzion 3:28:3</ref> | ||
====Meat, Wine, Fish==== | ====Meat, Wine, Fish==== | ||
# | #One should not eat fish at the Seudat Ha'Mafseket.<ref>Shulchan Aruch O.C. 552:2, the Mishna Brurah 552:6 explains that this prohibition is due to the fact that there are some places where fish is referred to as "meat" which is what the Talmud forbids one to eat during this meal. Additionally, the Mishna Brurah explains, fish is a type of food that would be served at a royal meal (see Y.D. 217:8) and it provides joy to the person who eats it.</ref> | ||
#It is permitted to eat canned tuna as well as canned sardines since they are not considered foods fit to be served at a royal table.<ref>[https://itorah.com/daily-halacha/lecture/tisha-b-av-the-foods-fish-at-seudat-hamafseket-and-the-seudah-if-one-is-not-fasting-on-tisha-b-av-/3321/7-28-2020 Rabbi Mansour]</ref> | |||
====Hard Boiled Eggs==== | ====Hard Boiled Eggs==== | ||
#It is customary to use hard boiled eggs as the "cooked food" as eggs are | #It is customary to use hard boiled eggs as the "cooked food" eaten at the Seudat Ha'Mafseket, as eggs are the food eaten by mourners.<ref>Mishna Brurah 552:13 and Rama 552:5</ref> | ||
====Bread and Water==== | ====Bread and Water==== | ||
#For those who are capable, it is proper to only eat dry bread dipped in salt and | #For those who are capable, it is proper to only eat dry bread dipped in salt and drink only water.<ref>Shulchan Aruch O.C. 552:6</ref> Nonetheless, one need not lessen his eating; rather, one should ensure to eat and drink enough in order that he can endure the fast.<ref>Mishna Brurah 552:15</ref> Some are stringent to dip the final bit of bread in ashes<ref>Rama 552:6</ref> and to eat it and to declare “This is the Tisha B'Av meal." <ref>The Mishna Brurah 552:16 suggests doing so based upon the practice of Rav in the Yerushalmi in Taanit 4:6 </ref> | ||
#One should specifically have bread at the seuda mafseket.<ref>Or Letzion 3:28:1</ref> | #One should specifically have bread at the seuda mafseket.<ref>Or Letzion 3:28:1</ref> | ||
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====Eating after Seuda Mafseket==== | ====Eating after Seuda Mafseket==== | ||
#If one said | #If one explicitly said that he will not eat after the seuda hamefseket, he cannot continue eating even if it is before sunset. However, if he only had in mind that he would no longer eat, but didn't explicitly say it, he may continue eating. <ref>Yalkut Yosef Moadim page 577, Shulchan Aruch O.C. 553:1. </ref> Since some poskim disagree, some suggest that one say explicitly that he intends to continue eating. <ref>Mishna Brura 553:2 writes that the Bach and Gra hold that a mental acceptance is enough and he therefore recommends stating explicitly that one intends to eat or drink until sunset. </ref> | ||
====Zimmun==== | ====Zimmun==== | ||
#Three men should not eat together in order to avoid being obligated in a [[zimun]]. <ref>Shulchan Aruch O.C. 552:8, Haghot Maimaniyot Hilchot Taaniyot 5:7:30 </ref> If they do sit together they should | #Three men should not eat together in order to avoid being obligated in a [[zimun]]. <ref>Shulchan Aruch O.C. 552:8, Haghot Maimaniyot Hilchot Taaniyot 5:7:30 </ref> If they do sit together, they should not recite the zimmun. <ref>Mishna Brura 552:19, Or Letzion 3:28:1 </ref> | ||
====Tisha B'av Falls Out on Shabbat or Sunday==== | ====Tisha B'av Falls Out on Shabbat or Sunday==== | ||
#In a year in which the 9th of Av falls out on either [[Shabbat]] (in which case the fast is observed beginning at sunset on Shabbat) or on Sunday this meal is not eaten. In such a case, one may enjoy a large sumptuous meal so as to properly celebrate Shabbat, | #In a year in which the 9th of Av falls out on either [[Shabbat]] (in which case the fast is observed beginning at sunset on Shabbat) or on Sunday, this meal is not eaten. In such a case, one may enjoy a large sumptuous meal so as to properly celebrate Shabbat. However, one must ensure to stop eating before sunset (see "When Tisha Beav Falls Out on Shabbat or Sunday" below).<ref>Shulchan Aruch and Rama O.C. 552:10</ref> | ||
====Someone who Isn't Fasting==== | ====Someone who Isn't Fasting==== | ||
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===Tachanun=== | ===Tachanun=== | ||
#[[Tachanun]] is omitted at Mincha on Erev Tisha | #[[Tachanun]] is omitted at Mincha on Erev Tisha B'av. If Erev Tisha B'av falls out on Shabbat, Tzidkadecha Tzedek is omitted.<ref>Shulchan Aruch O.C. 552:12, there the S.A explains that the 9th of Av is called a "Moed," and thus we treat it as a holiday in this regard by omitting Tachanun as we do on other festivals as well. | ||
For the same reason, Tachanun is not recited on the 9th of Av proper either (S.A 559:4). </ref> | For the same reason, Tachanun is not recited on the 9th of Av proper either (S.A 559:4). </ref> | ||
==Fasting== | ==Fasting== | ||
===Who Should Fast?=== | ===Who Should Fast?=== | ||
#A choleh shein bo sakana does not have to fast on Tisha B'av.<ref>[https://www.yutorah.org/sidebar/lecture.cfm/1071122/rabbi-hershel-schachter/hilchos-tisha-b-av/ Rav Hershel Schachter]. His example of a choleh shein bo sakana | #A choleh shein bo sakana does not have to fast on Tisha B'av.<ref>[https://www.yutorah.org/sidebar/lecture.cfm/1071122/rabbi-hershel-schachter/hilchos-tisha-b-av/ Rav Hershel Schachter]. His example of a choleh shein bo sakana is someone who is knocked out by the fast and needs to lie in bed all day because of a splitting headache.</ref> | ||
====Healthy Individuals==== | ====Healthy Individuals==== | ||
#It is forbidden for all men of bar mitzvah age and women of bat mitzvah age to | #It is forbidden for all men of bar mitzvah age and women of bat mitzvah age to eat and drink on Tisha BeAv. The fast begins at sunset of the 8th of Av and ends at nightfall of the 9th of Av. <ref>Mishna Brurah 554:1, Yalkut Yosef (Moadim p. 577), Halachot and History of The [[Three Weeks]], The Akkad Edition, Congregation Shaare Rahamim Halachot Series. | ||
*Tosfot (Megillah 5b s.v. vebikesh) and Ritva (Megillah 5b) imply that Tisha B'av is only derabbanan or a minhag. See, however, the Taz 554:4 who implies that it is Divrei Kabbalah, from the authority of the navi.</ref> | *Tosfot (Megillah 5b s.v. vebikesh) and Ritva (Megillah 5b) imply that Tisha B'av is only derabbanan or a minhag. See, however, the Taz 554:4 who implies that it is Divrei Kabbalah, from the authority of the navi.</ref> | ||
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====Pregnant or Nursing Woman==== | ====Pregnant or Nursing Woman==== | ||
# | #Pregnant and nursing women must fast on Tisha BeAv.<ref>Shulchan Aruch OC 554:5</ref> If the woman is sick to the degree that she is a Choleh Shein Bo Sakana, she doesn't have to fast. In these situations one should always ask an Orthodox Rabbi to assess the situation.<ref>Yalkut Yosef 554 (HaChayvim VeHitanot #1)</ref> | ||
====Eating in Increments==== | ====Eating in Increments==== | ||
#Some poskim hold that if one is exempt from fasting on Tisha B'av, he need not eat in increments.<ref>Sh”t Maharam Shick 289 says that just like on [[Yom Kippur]] the halacha is that if it | #Some poskim hold that if one is exempt from fasting on Tisha B'av, he need not eat in increments.<ref>Sh”t Maharam Shick 289 says that just like on [[Yom Kippur]] the halacha is that one must eat in small increments if it won't increase the danger (Shulchan Aruch O.C. 618:7), the same applies to Tisha B’av. However, Rav Shlomo Zalman Auerbach (Nishmat Avraham v. 4 554:1), Chazon Ovadia (Arba Taniyot p. 26), [[Shevet Halevi]] 4:46, Tzitz Eliezer 10:25:16, and Rav Elyashiv (Kovetz Teshuvot 1:57) disagree and say that this isn’t necessary for Tisha B’av. The Biur Halacha 554:6 quotes the Pitchei Olam who writes that when there is a small concern for Cholera, people should only eat in small increments so as not to abolish the fast. Shevet Halevi and Rav Elyashiv explain that this is limited to a case in which the whole community had to eat, due to concerns from the Cholera epidemic. However, generally speaking, an individual who is sick may eat regularly. </ref> However, one should not overindulge.<ref>Shulchan Aruch OC 554:5, Hagahot Maimaniot Hilchot Taaniyot 1:8 </ref> | ||
====Children==== | ====Children==== | ||
#Children are exempt from fasting, | #Children are exempt from fasting. Nonetheless, they should eat the seuda ha'mafseket, and observe the applicable halachot .<ref>Or Letzion 3:28:1, [https://www.yutorah.org/sidebar/lecture.cfm/1071122/rabbi-hershel-schachter/hilchos-tisha-b-av/ Rav Hershel Schachter], [https://itorah.com/daily-halacha/lecture/tisha-b-av-the-foods-fish-at-seudat-hamafseket-and-the-seudah-if-one-is-not-fasting-on-tisha-b-av-/3321/7-28-2020 Rabbi Mansour]</ref> | ||
# | #With regards to children who have reached the age of chinuch, some say that they should wear non-leather shoes on Tisha B'av,<Ref>Chazon Ovadia p. 301</ref> while others hold that they can wear leather shoes.<ref>Or Letzion 3:29:16</ref> | ||
#Even if they are | #Even if they are below the age of chinuch, it is a good practice to have them wear non-leather shoes.<Ref>Chazon Ovadia p. 301</ref> | ||
===Brushing Teeth=== | ===Brushing Teeth=== | ||
#One should refrain from brushing his teeth on Tisha B'av, | #One should refrain from brushing his teeth on Tisha B'av. However, if refraining from doing so causes him tremendous distress, then it's permitted. <ref>Sh"t Minchat Yitzchak 4:109, Mikraei Kodesh by Rabbi Moshe Harari 4:4, Mishna Brura 567:11. </ref> | ||
#It is forbidden for one to rinse out his | #It is forbidden for one to rinse out his mouth on Tisha B'Av. However, if one must, then he may rinse out his mouth with less than a [[Reviit]] of water. <ref>Halachot and History of The [[Three Weeks]], The Akkad Edition, Congregation Shaare Rahamim Halachot Series. See also Rav Shimon Eider’s Halachos of the Three Weeks pg. 19, where he suggests in the name of Rav Moshe Feinstein, that on Tisha B'Av it is forbidden to wash out one's mouth with mouthwash because of rechitza. </ref> | ||
===Medications=== | ===Medications=== | ||
#A person can take a capsule | #A person can take medications, such as a capsule, a bitter tasting pill, or liquid medicine, without water on Tisha B'av.<ref>Rav Eider in Halachos Of The Three Weeks p. 19, Or Letzion 3:29:11</ref> If one can't swallow a pill without liquids, one can swallow it with some bitter water, such as water with tea essence concentrate or a bit of baking soda.<ref>Or Letzion 3:29:11</ref> | ||
===When Does the Fast of Tisha Be'Av End=== | ===When Does the Fast of Tisha Be'Av End=== | ||
#It is not necessary to wait until | #It is not necessary to wait until Rabbeinu Tam's tzet hakochavim to begin eating.<ref>Yalkut Yosef Moadim page 586 </ref> Some say that it is sufficient to wait 27 minutes after sunset.<ref>Or Letzion 3:29:25</ref> | ||
==Washing and Bathing== | ==Washing and Bathing== | ||
===Bathing=== | ===Bathing=== | ||
#It is forbidden to wash or bathe oneself in cold or hot water. Even sticking one's finger in water is forbidden.<ref>Shulchan Aruch O.C. 554:7</ref> | #It is forbidden to wash or bathe oneself in cold or hot water. Even sticking one's finger in water is forbidden.<ref>Shulchan Aruch O.C. 554:7</ref> | ||
# One should not bathe a child on tisha b'av. If they are dirty it is permitted to clean the area that is dirty. If they are so dirty that it is difficult to just clean that area it is permitted to bath their whole body.<ref>Halichot Emet 25:4 p. 175 writes that one should not bathe a child even if they | # One should not bathe a child on tisha b'av. If they are dirty, then it is permitted to clean the area that is dirty. If they are so dirty that it is difficult to just clean that area, then it is permitted to bath their whole body.<ref>Halichot Emet 25:4 p. 175 writes that one should not bathe a child, even if they are below the age of chinuch, unless they are dirty. Hatipul Btinokot p. 266 writes that if a child is very dirty and it is hard to clean each area that's dirty, then it is permitted to bathe their whole body on tisha b'av. He bases his idea on Mishna Brurah 613:1 by yom kippur. </ref> | ||
===Washing Dirty Hands=== | ===Washing Dirty Hands=== | ||
Regarding washing one's hands for health during the coronavirus pandemic, see [[Halachot Related to Coronavirus#The Three Weeks]]. | Regarding washing one's hands for health during the coronavirus pandemic, see [[Halachot Related to Coronavirus#The Three Weeks]]. | ||
#If one's hands | #If one's hands are dirty, then he may clean the dirty area.<ref>Shulchan Aruch O.C. 554:9</ref> | ||
===Mikveh=== | ===Mikveh=== | ||
#One should not go to the Mikveh on Tisha | #One should not go to the Mikveh on Tisha B'Av. <ref>Shulchan Aruch O.C. 554:8</ref> | ||
===Washing Dishes=== | ===Washing Dishes=== | ||
#It is permissible to wash dishes that are | #It is permissible to wash dishes that are needed on Tisha B'Av itself, such as for children. Otherwise, one shouldn't wash dishes until after Chatzot. It is preferable to wash the dishes while wearing gloves.<ref>Or Letzion 3:29:14</ref> | ||
===Wipes=== | ===Wipes=== | ||
#If a | #If a wipe is not wet enough, that upon touching it, one's hand wouldn't be wet enough to make something else wet, then one can use it to wipe one's face and hands on Tisha B'av. However, if it's wet enough, that upon touching it, one's hand would be wet enough to make something else wet (tofaich al menat l'hafiach), then one may not use such a wipe. <ref>Or Letzion 3:29:13</ref> | ||
#If one changed a baby and afterwards one's hands are dirty it is permitted to wash them with soap.<ref>Or Letzion 3:29:13</ref> | #If one changed a baby and afterwards one's hands are dirty, it is permitted to wash them with soap.<ref>Or Letzion 3:29:13</ref> | ||
==Anointing== | ==Anointing== | ||
#It is prohibited to anoint oneself for pleasure on Tisha B'av.<ref>Shulchan Aruch O.C. 554:15 </ref> | #It is prohibited to anoint oneself for pleasure on Tisha B'av.<ref>Shulchan Aruch O.C. 554:15 </ref> | ||
# | #Some poskim permit using deodarant on Tisha B'Av, while others forbid it. <ref>Rabbi Eider (Halachos Of The Three Weeks p. 22) and [http://www.torahmusings.com/2011/08/deodorant-on-tisha-bav/ Rabbi Gil Student] based on Biur Halachah 554:15 sv. sicha, are lenient regarding the use of deodorant on Tisha Bav. [https://itorah.com/daily-halacha/lecture/tisha-b-ab-applying-skin-creams-perfume-and-deodorant/2355 Rabbi Mansour] agrees, citing Chacham Ovadia. However, Piskei Hahalachot (by R' Yair Yanay, 555:16) quotes Rav Elyashiv as forbidding deodorant on Tisha Be'av. [https://www.yutorah.org/sidebar/lecture.cfm/722652/rabbi-mordechai-i-willig/hilchos-tisha-b-av/ Rav Mordechai Willig (Hilchos Tisha B'av min 86)] is strict.</ref> | ||
#Women should not wear make-up on Tisha B'av.<ref>Rav Mordachi Eliyahu quoted in Mikraei Kodesh Hilchot Tisha B’av 9:note 13 </ref> | #Women should not wear make-up on Tisha B'av.<ref>Rav Mordachi Eliyahu quoted in Mikraei Kodesh Hilchot Tisha B’av 9:note 13 </ref> | ||
# | #One is permitted to use skin creams to treat scraped or infected skin, since one is doing so to cure the skin, but not for pleasure.<ref>Or Letzion 3:29:13 explains that one can use skin creams to treat scraped or infected skin since it is to cure the skin and not for pleasure. [https://itorah.com/daily-halacha/lecture/tisha-b-ab-applying-skin-creams-perfume-and-deodorant/2355 Rabbi Mansour] agrees.</ref> | ||
==Wearing Leather== | ==Wearing Leather== |