Aseret Yimei Teshuva

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The period between Rosh Hashana and Yom Kippur is a unique time to improve one's character, deeds, and perform Teshuva. [1]

Practices of Aseret Yemei Teshuva

  1. During aseret yimei teshuva, one should increase his involvement in charity, in good deeds and in learning torah. [2]

Pat Yisrael

  1. Even one who isn't strict regarding bread baked by a non-Jew (Pat Akum) during the rest of the year should be strict about Pat Akum even bread baked by a baker during Aseret Yemei Teshuva.[3]
  2. If a Jew turns on or raises the fire so that the bread bakes, that bread may be eaten during Aseret Yemei Teshuva.[4]

Changes in Shemona Esreh

Hamelech Hakadosh

  1. During the Aseret Yemei Teshuva, the conclusion of the Bracha HaEl HaKadosh is switched to HaMelech HaKadosh. [5] If one forgot to say HaMelech HaKadosh and remembered within Toch Kedi Dibbur (2-3 seconds), then one should say HaMelech HaKadosh right then. [6] If one remembered only afterwards one must start from the beginning of Shmoneh Esrei. [7] This is true if he began the first word of the next beracha [8] or even if he just waited for that amount of time without reciting anything.[9]
  2. If one is unsure if he said Hakel Hakadosh or Hamelech Hakadosh, one should return to the beginning of the Shmoneh Esrei, because we assume that he was used to saying Hakel Hakadosh like he does normally. This is true even if he knows that he added the other additions like zochreinu lechaim and mi kamocha. [10]
  3. If one recites melech hakadosh instead of hamelech hakadosh, he nevertheless fulfills his obligation. [11]
  4. On Friday night, the words HaKel HaKadosh are changed to HaMelech HaKadosh in the Bracha Mein Sheva that the Sheliach Tzibbur says. [12]If he forgets and remembers before the end of the Bracha he goes back to HaEl HaKadosh, if he remembers after concluding the Bracha, he doesn't repeat it. [13]

Hamelech Hamishpat

  1. The conclusion of the Bracha Melech Ohev Tzedaka UMishpat is changed to HaMelech HaMishpat. [14] According to Ashkenazim, if one forgot, one doesn’t go back to the beginning of Shemona Esreh. [15] According to Sephardim, if one forgot and remembered within Toch Kedi Dibbur (2-3 seconds) then one should say HaMelech Hamishpat right then. If one remembered afterwards, some say that one should return to the Bracha of Hashiva, however, if one finished Shmoneh Esrei one must start from the beginning of Shmoneh Esrei. If one is unsure, it’s the same as if one forgot. [16] However, some sephardic poskim say that if one remembered after Toch Kedi Dibbur one need not repeat anything. [17]

Other additions

  1. Four other additions to Shmoneh Esrei are the lines of Zochrenu LeChaim, Mi Kamocha, U'chetov lichaim, and UveSefer Chaim. [18]
  2. One may not skip UveSefer Chaim in order to catch Kedusha with the congregation. [19]

Changes in Kaddish

  1. The Ashkenazic minhag during the ten days between Rosh Hashana and Yom Kippur (Aseret Yemei Teshuva) is to say LeElah UleElah MeKol Birchata (in Kaddish) instead of LeElah Min Kol Birchata. [20]

Other Changes in Tefillah

Hashem Hu HaElokim

  1. Sephardim recite Hashem Hu Haelokim right before Hashem melech before pesukei dezimra during aseret Yimei teshuva. [21]

Shir Hamaalot

  1. Some have the custom to recite Shir Hamaalot Mimaamakim (Tehillim 130) during shacharit after Yishtabach before the Kaddish. [22]

Avinu Malkenu

  1. After the chazarat hashatz during shacharit and mincha, we add the prayer of avinu malkenu. [23] Even a person who prays privately should add this. [24]

Shabbat Shuva

  1. The minhag is for the Rabbi of the community to give a Drasha on Shabbat Shuva about Hilchot Yom Kippur and Sukkot as well as inspiration for Teshuva. [25]

Sources

  1. ↑ Chazon Ovadia Yamim Noraim pg.209 writes from Rav Chaim Vital in Shaar Hakavanot 90C that each day of the week between Rosh Hashana and Yom Kippur can atone for that day of the week for the entire year. For example, a Sunday can make up for all the sins he did on the Sundays throughout the year. Mishna Brura 603:2, Kaf Hachaim 662:14 agree.
    • The Gemara Rosh Hashana 18a writes that when the pasuk says דרשו ה' בהמצאו קראוהו בהיותו קרוב it refers to aseret yimei teshuva
  2. ↑ Rambam Hilchot Teshuva 3:4, Chazon Ovadia Yamim Noraim pg. 204
  3. ↑ Shulchan Aruch 603:1, Mishna Brurah 603:1, Raavyah Rosh Hashana Siman 529: pg. 208, Or Zarua 2:257. Rabbeinu Manoach Hilchot Chametz UMatzah 1:5 writes that it is appropriate to accept other stringencies during the Aseret Yimei Teshuva.
  4. ↑ Mishna Brurah 603:1
  5. ↑ Rambam Hilchot Tefilla 10:13, S”A 582:1 based on Gemara Berachot 12b, Kitzur S”A 129:3, Chazon Ovadia Yamim Noraim pg. 190
  6. ↑ S”A 582:2, Kitzur S”A 129:3, Yalkut Yosef Moadim pg. 62, Chazon Ovadia Yamim Noraim pg. 190
  7. ↑ Rambam Hilchot Tefilla 10:13, Tur and S”A 582:1, Or Zarua 1:29, Orchot Chaim Tefilla 104, Rashba and Ritva on Berachot 12b, Kitzur S”A 129:3, Yalkut Yosef Moadim pg. 62, Chazon Ovadia Yamim Noraim pg. 190, Sh"t Rav Pealim OC 2:7. Haghot Maimoni on Rambam Tefilla 10:13 writes that this is the ruling of Rashi, the Smag, and the Maharam but adds that the Raavya Berachot Siman 40 disagrees and says that one is yotze bidieved.
  8. ↑ Chazon Ovadia Yamim Noraim pg. 190-192, Mishna Brura 487:1 in the Biur Haacha, Mteh Ephraim 582:9 Kaf Hachaim 582:10
  9. ↑ Chazon Ovadia Yamim Noraim pg. 191-192 unlike the Kaf Hachaim 582:9
  10. ↑ Yalkut Yosef Moadim pg. 63, Chazon Ovadia Yamim Noraim page 192. Chazon Ovadia quotes some acharonim (Nitei Gavriel ROsh Hashana pg. 59 quoting the Taharat Hashulchan) who disagree and say that if you did mention zochreinu lichayim and mi kamocha then we can assume that you also said hamalech hakadosh.
  11. ↑ Sh"t Yabia Omer 2:29:1, Yalkut Yosef Moadim pg. 63
  12. ↑ S”A 582:3
  13. ↑ Mishna Brurah 582:11 writes that if he remembers before the end of the Bracha he goes back, however, after he finishes the Bracha, there’s a dispute in the achronim. However, the Kitzur S”A 129:4 writes that unless he remembers within Toch Kedi Dibbur he doesn’t go back.
  14. ↑ Gemara Berachot 12b, Shulchan Aruch 582:2, Chazon Ovadia Yamim Noraim pg. 190
  15. ↑ Rama 118:1, Mishna Brurah 582:9Darchei Moshe 582:3 based on Rabbeinu Yona that since we mention melech even in our regular text, one would not need to go back. Chacham Ovadia Yosef recommends for Ashkenazim that even though the Rama says that you do not need to go back, that one should in fact go back and stipulate: if I'm obligated to repeat Shmoneh Esrei then I'm praying for my obligation, and if the halacha is that I don't have to repeat, my prayer should be considered a voluntary prayer. This is the ruling of the Taz 118:2, Mor Uketzia 118
  16. ↑ S”A 582:2. Chazon Ovadyah (Yamim Noraim pg 193), Yalkut Yosef Moadim pg. 64, Sh"t Yabia Omer 2:8-10. Halichot Olam 2: pg. 251 writes that this is the halacha and we don't say Safek Brachot LeHakel. However he adds that it is more correct to stipulate: if I'm obligated to repeat Shmoneh Esrei then I'm praying for my obligation, and if the halacha is that I don't have to repeat, my prayer should be considered a voluntary prayer.
    • Rambam Hilchot Tefilla 10:13 rules that one must repeat the amida if he forgot to change to hamalech hamishpat. Or Zarua Hilchot Keriat Shema Siman 29 writes that this was also the ruling of the Rif. see Chazon Ovadia Yamim Noraim pg. 194 for a long list of rishonim who held this way including Rosh, Rif, Rambam, Ramban, Ritva, Maharam MiRutenberg.
    • Talmidei Rabbenu Yona Masechet Berachot 7a "u'mihu" quoted in Darkei Moshe 582:3 say that since we mention the word melech in our regular text, one does not need to go back.
  17. ↑ Rav Mordechai Eliyahu in Maamer Mordechai (Aseret Yami Teshuva #19) based on Ben Ish Chai (Nitsavim #19), Kaf Hachaim 582:8
  18. ↑ Chazon Ovadyah (Yamim Noraim pg 205)
  19. ↑ Chazon Ovadyah (Yamim Noraim pg 205), Rav Shlomo Zalman Auerbach in Shalmei Moed pg. 55
  20. ↑ Kitzur S”A 129:1 writes to say LeElah LeElah MeKol Birchata. Mishna Brurah 56:2, 582:16 agrees but adds a vav as follows LeElah ULeElah. Rav Mordechai Eliyahu’s footnote on Kitzur S”A 129:1 writes that the Sephardic minhag is not to change this for Aseret Yemei Teshuva.
  21. ↑ Yalkut Yosef Moadim pg. 69 , Chazon Ovadia Yamim Noraim pg. 189, Kaf Hachaim 582:13
  22. ↑ Yalkut Yosef Moadim pg. 69, Chazon Ovadia Yamim Noraim pg. 189. see also Magen Avraham 54:2
  23. ↑ Rama 602:1, Chazon Ovadia Yamim Noraim pg. 205, Sh"t Shvut Yaakov 3:42, Rivash 512
  24. ↑ Chazon Ovadia Yamim Noraim pg. 205, Sh"t Shvut Yaakov 3:42, Rivash 512, DailyHalacha by Rabbi Eli Mansour
  25. ↑ Mishna Brurah 429:2
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