Which Mitzvot Take Precedence?

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There are a number of principles that determine which Mitzvah takes precedence over another Mitzvah whenever two Mitzvot come into conflict.

The more common Mitzvah

1. One of the major principles is Tadir VeSheino Tadir, Tadir Kodem; the more frequent of the two mitzvot takes precedence.
2. Examples of this principle can be found in Kitzur S"A 10:2 regarding putting on Talit before Tefillin, Kitzur S"A 76:12 regarding saying Mincha before Mussaf, and Kitzur S"A 139:14 regarding the Torah reading for Chanukah and Rosh Chodesh.

Mitzvah d'gufa

1. A mitzvah that applies directly to oneself. For example, a father and his son have yet to be redeemed from a cohen(pidyon haben); in the situation where the father only has enough to redeem himself or his son, he is to redeem himself and then his son.

Mitzvah overet

1. A passing mitzvah. For example, when faced with the choice of performing a mitzvah that may be done only within the next five minutes versus one that may be done over the next hour, we are to perform the mitzvah that applies immediately and move on the next.

Learning Torah and Other Mitzvot

1. While Torah is one of the most important mitzvot if it comes into conflict with a mitzvah that only you can do, the mitzvah takes precedence. One explanation for this halacha is that a person's learning should lead up to fulfilling the mitzvot and if a person abandons fulfilling mitzvot in order to learn Torah, it indicates that one's learning isn't done in order to fulfill the mitzvot.
2. In a general sense, learning Torah is more important than Kibbud Av VeEm.