General Overview of Kashrut

From Halachipedia

Non-Kosher Animals

  1. Non-Kosher animals are those which do not have completely split hooves and chew its cud. Examples of non-kosher animals include pig, camel, donkey, and horse. [1]
  2. The Torah specifies 24 non-Kosher birds and in practice we hold that any specifies about which we do not have a tradition that it is Kosher may not be eaten. [2]
    1. There is no definitive tradition regarding pheasant, peacock, guinea hen, partridge, swan, geese, pigeons, and doves and so these should not be eaten. [3]
    2. Common practice is to permit eating turkeys. [4]

Their products

  1. Eggs or milk of a non-Kosher animal is also non-Kosher. [5]

Non-Kosher Fish

  1. Fish which has fins and scales are Kosher, while all others are non-Kosher. [6] Fish do not need ritual slaughtering. [7]

Blood

  1. Blood of any animal or bird is forbidden to be eaten. Therefore after a kosher animal is ritually slaughtered it must be salted properly in order to remove the blood. [8]
  2. Fish blood is permitted to drink, however, it’s forbidden if it’s gathered in a vessel unless it’s recognizably fish blood such as having in it fish scales. [9]
  3. Human blood which separated from the area which it left the body is forbidden, however, if one’s gums are bleeding it is permitted to swallow that blood. [10]

Nevelah

  1. Any animal, kosher or not, may not be eaten unless it has first been ritually slaughtered properly, otherwise, the animal is considered Nevelah. An unwarranted pause, excessive pressure, or using a jagged knife are among the numerous defects of a ritual slaughtering which would cause the animal to be Nevelah. [11]

Teriefah

  1. An animal which has a health defect or disease which Chazal specify is considered Teriefah and is forbidden to eat. [12]

Daily Products of Non-kosher Animals

  1. The milk of a Tereifah animal is non-Kosher. [13]

Chelev

  1. Certain fats of domestic animals (cattle, sheep, and goat) are forbidden, however, fat of birds or other kosher animals is permissible. Therefore after the ritual slaughtering, the butcher or other expert removes these forbidden fats. [14]

Gid HaNasheh

  1. It’s forbidden to eat the Gid HaNasheh which is the sciatic nerve in the hind thighs of kosher animals. [15]

Ever Min HaChay

  1. It’s forbidden to eat a limb that was detached from a live animal. [16]

Tevel

  1. Produce of Eretz Israel may not be eaten until one has removed Trumot and Maaserot. [17]

Orlah

  1. A fruit tree within its first three years is called Orlah and its fruit are forbidden to eat. [18]

Chadash

  1. Any grain which took root after 16th of Nissan is forbidden to be eaten until the next 16th of Nissan. [19]
  2. There is considerable debate whether this applies outside Israel. [20]

Yayin Nesech

  1. Wine which was poured in a sacrificial manner to an Avoda Zara is forbidden biblically. The same is true of any food served to an Avoda Zara. [21]
  2. Wine that was moved by a non-Jew is forbidden by rabbinic decree. There is a dispute whether the wine is forbidden upon touch of a non-Jew. [22]
  3. One may not drink wine that belongs to a non-Jew and is considered Stam Yainom. [23]

Fish and Meat

  1. It’s forbidden to eat fish and meat together because Chazal felt that there was a health concern. [24]
  2. A person who ate fish should wash out his mouth with a solid and liquid before eating meat. Ashkenazim hold that one doesn't have to wash one's hands but Sephardim hold that one should also wash one's hand before eating meat after having fish.[25]
  3. It is permitted to cook fish in a meat pot even if it is was used within that same day.[26]

Fish and Dairy

  1. There is a sephardic custom not to eat fish and dairy together. [27] Such is the Syrian practice.[28] Ashkenazim hold that it is permitted.[29]
  2. Even according to those who don't eat fish and milk together may have fish cooked with butter. [30]

Bishul Akum

  1. One may not eat food that was cooked by a non-Jew.[31] See the Bishul Akum page.

Pat Akum

  1. One may not eat bread that was baked by a non-Jew.

Chalav Yisrael

  1. According to some poskim, even powdered milk is included in the rabbinic prohibition of drinking milk when the milking process wasn't supervised by a Jew throughout. [32]

Kelayim

  1. One may not mingle seeds of different species of plants however, if one did so the product is permitted. [33]
  2. It’s forbidden to sow a vegetable or grain near a grape vine and if one did so the product is forbidden. [34]

Meat and Milk

  1. Even though both meat and milk separately are Kosher, when mixed they are forbidden. Any cooked combination is biblically forbidden. [35] Rabbinically, a combination of milk and meat of non-domesticated animals or milk and poultry is forbidden. [36]
  2. Dairy and meat should not be eaten on the same table clothe. [37]

Sheretz

  1. All insects are forbidden to eat except a certain species of locust which is unknown to us and as such one shouldn’t eat locust. [38]
    1. Fruit or vegetables which commonly are infested with bugs must be checked before eating. [39]
    2. Insects which are only visible through a microscope are not forbidden. [40]

General

  1. It’s forbidden to eat any non-Kosher food of any size. [41]
  2. It’s forbidden to eat the taste of non-Kosher food which was absorbed into another food.
  3. It is permitted to smell non-kosher food unless the food was prepared specifically for fragrance. [42]

Sources

  1. ↑ Vayikra 11:3-8, Rambam Machalot Asurot 2:1, S”A YD 79:1, The Laws of Kashrus (Rabbi Binyamin Forst; pg 33-4)
  2. ↑ Vayikra 11:13-20, S”A YD 82:2
  3. ↑ The Laws of Kashrus (Rabbi Binyamin Forst; pg 35-6)
  4. ↑ The Laws of Kashrus (Rabbi Binyamin Forst; pg 35) quoting Darkei Teshuva 82:26
  5. ↑ Gemara Bechorot 5b-6a, Rambam Machalot Asurot 3:1, S”A YD 81:1, The Laws of Kashrus (Rabbi Binyamin Forst; pg 33-4)
  6. ↑ Vayikra 11:12, S”A YD 83:1
  7. ↑ S”A YD 13:1
  8. ↑ Vayikra 7:26-27, Devarim 12:23, Rambam Machalot Assurot 6:10, S”A YD 66:1
  9. ↑ S”A YD 66:9
  10. ↑ The gemara Keritut 21b says that eating human blood is only derabbanan once it separated from the body. The gemara explains that if a person is eating and finds blood on the piece of food that is forbidden, however, if a person’s teeth are bleeding that blood is permitted and a person can swallow it. Rambam (Machalot Asurot 6:2) and Shulchan Aruch YD 66:10 codify this halacha. Rama YD 66:10 adds that if human blood fell into a food and isn't recognizable it doesn't forbid the mixture. The Pri Megadim S"D 66:16 writes that theoretically this is the case even if the human blood is in the majority.
  11. ↑ S”A YD 18:1, 23:1-2, 24:1
  12. ↑ The Mishna Chullin 42a enumerate 18 defects and the Rambam Hilchot Shechitah 10:9 counts 70.
  13. ↑ Based on Mishna Chullin 116b, Rif Chullin 19a, Rambam Machalot Asurot 3:10, Rosh Chullin 3:52, S”A YD 81:1
  14. ↑ S”A YD 64:1
  15. ↑ Beresheet 32:33, Rambam 8:1, S”A YD 64:11
  16. ↑ Beresheet 9:4, Rambam Machalot Assurot 5:1, S”A YD 62
  17. ↑ Rambam Machalot Assurot 10:19
  18. ↑ Vayikra 19:23, Rambam Machalot Assurot 10:1, Sefer Hachinuch (Mitzvah 247)
  19. ↑ S”A OC 489:10
  20. ↑ Beiur Halacha 489:10 s.v. Af
  21. ↑ Rambam Machalot Assurot 11:1
  22. ↑ S”A YD 124:11, Shach 124:20
  23. ↑ Rambam Machalot Assurot 11:7
  24. ↑ Shulchan Aruch YD 116:2, Yalkut Yosef YD 87:83, Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 33:1
  25. ↑ Shulchan Aruch YD 116:3 based on the practice of the Rosh that one should wash one's hands and mouth before eating meat after having fish. However, the Rama says that practice isn't to wash one's hands or mouth before having meat but it is proper to wash out one's mouth with a solid and liquid.
    • The Magen Avraham 173:1 and Chatom Sofer YD 101 question whether this prohibition should really still apply today since it doesn't seem to be dangerous. Kaf Hachaim 173:9 says that since this is a question of health one should be strict.
  26. ↑ Yalkut Yosef YD 87:85 (Isur V'heter v. 3, p. 316)
  27. ↑ Yalkut Yosef YD 87:84, Yechave Daat 6:48, BI"H, Beha'alotecha, 15, Kaf Hachaim 87: 24
  28. ↑ Rabbi Mansour
  29. ↑ Shach YD 87:5
  30. ↑ Yalkut Yosef YD 87:85, Kaf Hachaim 87: 24
  31. ↑ Shulchan Aruch YD 113:1
  32. ↑ Chazon Ish YD 115:1 see Chalav Yisrael Part 3 by Rabbi Chaim Jachter who discusses further
  33. ↑ Rambam Kelayim 1:1, 6:1, The Laws of Kashrus (Rabbi Binyamin Forst; pg 42)
  34. ↑ Rambam Kelayim 1:1, 6:1, The Laws of Kashrus (Rabbi Binyamin Forst; pg 42)
  35. ↑ Rambam Machalot Assurot 9:1
  36. ↑ Rambam Machalot Assurot 9:4
  37. ↑ Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 46:12
  38. ↑ Vayikra 11, The Laws of Kashrus (Rabbi Binyamin Forst; pg 38)
  39. ↑ S”A YD 84:8
  40. ↑ Sh”t Yechave Daat 6:47
  41. ↑ Rambam Machalot Assurot 14:2
  42. ↑ Rabbi Mansour on dailyhalacha.com
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