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Lending money on interest is one of the more severe prohibitions in the torah. <ref> The Gemara BM 71a says that one who lends with interest becomes poor and never recovers. The Rambam Hilchot Malveh Viloveh 4:2 delineates six biblical prohibitions which could potentially be violated in any particular loan transaction. Ramban Sefer Hamitzvot Shoresh 6 adds a 7th. </ref> The lender, the borrower, the guarantor, the witnesses, and even the scribe violate when engaging in an interest-bearing loan. <ref> Mishna Bava Metzia 75b. S"A YD 160:1</ref>
The laws of interest are one of the most complex and relevant laws in today's economy and even in everyday life. See the numerous pages below for the details of arranging loans in a permitted fashion.  
==Basics==
*[[Categories of Ribbit]]: This page includes
# Rabbi Yosef Haim presents the general rule that no extra money can be collected in return for lending. <ref> BI"H, Vaetchanan, 6 </ref>
**the definitions of biblical and rabbinic interest,
# If one collected interest then one is obligated to return it. <ref> Kitzur S"A 65:2 </ref>
**legal subterfuge sometimes which is permitted and sometimes forbidden,
# In any case where a person owes a debt to another Jew whether it is because he borrowed money or because he hired him and owes him or because he rented something and didn’t pay yet, it is forbidden to pay more than the actual debt because of the prohibition of taking interest. <Ref>S”A Y”D 176:6, Rama Y”D 161:1, The gemara BM 63b explains that as long as one is paying extra to be able to hold the money for longer, it would be a violation of this prohibition. </ref>
**the laws of interest on rentals,
# It is prohibited to lend with interest even if the borrower is wealthy and willingly agrees to pay the interest. <ref> Shulchan Aruch YD 160:1,4. </ref> It is prohibited even in cases where it seems entirely fair such as reimbursing the lender for the interest he was earning while his money was in a non-Jewish bank. <ref> Iggerot Moshe YD 3:93 </ref>
**whether it be renting real estate or or utensils,
# If neighbors have a good relationship and commonly borrow without being careful to return everything they borrow, then there is no prohibition of interest as the neighbors aren’t borrowing but rather gifting one another. <Ref> The Weekly Halachah Discussion (vol 2, pg 348) quoting The Laws of Interest (pg 35)</ref>However, if neighbors do not such a relationship then a neighbor who borrows a half a bag of sugar is borrowed only that amount may be returned unless the amount difference is insignificant (about which people don’t care) <Ref> The Weekly Halachah Discussion (vol 2, pg 348) quoting Brit Yehuda (Siman 17 note 6)</ref> or if one is unsure how much one borrowed one may return an amount to be sure the loan is repaid. <Ref> The Weekly Halachah Discussion (vol 2, pg 348) quoting Sh”t Minchat Yitzchak 9:88</ref>
**interest for worker salaries,
**lending objects,
**returning stolen money,
**interest with a loan of land or documents,
**forgiving interest,
**ribbit for [[pikuach nefesh]],
**taking interest temporarily,
**and giving interest to benefit the lender.
*[[Interest with Non-Jews]]: This page includes
**the laws of interest with a non-Jew, convert, non-religious Jew,
**lending between several parties some of which are Jewish and some non-Jewish,
**Jewish agent for interest deals, debt equity,
**managing someone else's money,
**as well as guarantors and co-signers.
*[[When Is It Permitted to Benefit the Lender]]: This page covers
**the topics of gifts or favors from the borrower to the lender,
**whether it be monetary or non-monetary, or even mitzvah opportunities.
**It also relates to a lender benefiting from a borrow's property,
**hiring or giving business to the lender,
**right of first refusal,
**paying taxes, fees, or debt for the lender.
**Payments to or from a third party are a separate discussion on this page as well.
*[[Buying on Credit]]: This page discusses all of the details of  
**discounts for buying on credit such as subscriptions, early bird specials, or prepayments,
**benefiting the seller,
**contracts with a delivery company,
**return policies,
**and after the fact transactions established with interest.
*[[Guaranteed Low Prices]]: This page deals with the topic of
**paying for goods with a delayed delivery,
**future contracts of commodities,
**and a purchase of a service in advance without assuming risk.
*[[Penalty Clauses]]: This page is dedicated to  
**penalties and late fees those which are permitted and those which are forbidden as interest.
*[[Borrowing Commodities]]: This page deals with
**borrowing commodities.
**such as if you want to borrow a bag of flour or dozen eggs from your neighbor.
**Lending commodities as part of a work contract is also discussed here.
*[[Returning Interest That Was Wrongly Collected]]:  
**What to do with interest that was collected by accident or intentionally and now needs to be returned.
**Biblical vs Rabbinic interest
*[[Corporations and Partnerships]]:
**A classic iska with all of the terms and conditions are documented here.
*[[Financial Tools and Interest]]:
**Stocks,
**Merchant cash advance,
**Annuity,  
**Selling a loan
*[[Foreign Currency and Interest]]
**Lending or Trading Foreign Currency
**Purchasing a Commodity with One Currency and Repaying with Another
*[[Common Everyday Cases of Interest]]: Some of the common questions dealt with on this page include:
**Borrowing someone's credit card.
**Keeping the Change when Repaying,  
**Selling a Check,
**Exchanging Favors,
**Family Members Lending,
**Loans of Small Amounts,
**Early Bird Specials,
**Car Loans, and
**Opening an Account at an Israeli Bank
*[[Heter Iska]]
**In order to make any loan with interest, which is standard in today's economy, a person needs to sign a heter iska to effectively change the contract from a loan into a partial or complete business deal. The halachot are complex and must be done with an official heter iska documents or reviewed by a rabbi.


==Rabbinic Prohibition of Interest==
# There are several different forms of interest that are prohibited only rabbinically. There are several practical differences if it is only rabbinic. For example, Rabbinic interest was not extended to charities. <ref> Shulchan Aruch and Rama YD 160:18 </ref> Additionally, one who receives biblical interest must return it but this does not apply to certain cases of rabbinic interest. <ref> Shulchan Aruch YD 161:2 </ref>
==Corporations==
# Rav Moshe Feinstein’s opinion <ref> recorded in Iggerot Moshe YD 2:63 </ref> is that the prohibition of borrowing with interest does not apply to a corporation. Since no one person has personal liability for the loan, the corporation may pay interest. Accordingly, one may receive interest from a bank or invest in bonds or stocks of a corporation, though you still would not be allowed to borrow from a corporation. Many other achronim questioned this logic of Rav Moshe. <ref> see for example Bris yehuda 7:note 66 </ref>


==Non-Financial Benefit==
# It’s forbidden for the borrower to do a favor to the lender if he would not have done it otherwise (if not for the loan). Even if the borrower would have done a certain favor if not for the loan, the borrower may not do that favor in public unless they have a good relationship and the borrower has done public favors for the lender in the past.<Ref>The Weekly Halachah Discussion (vol 2, pg 346) </ref>
# While some poskim prohibit the borrower from thanking the lender for the loan under the prohibition of ribbit devarim <Ref> Iggerot Moshe YD 1:80 </ref>, other poskim are lenient and allow a simple thank you. <ref> Rav Shlomo Zalman Auerbach in Minchat Shlomo 1:27 </ref>
# There’s no prohibition to do a non-financial favor after the loan was paid up. <Ref> Birkei Yosef Y”D 160:11, The Weekly Halachah Discussion (vol 2, pg 348), Malveh Hashem (vol 1, 8:30) </ref>
==Heter Iska==
<p class="indent">Because of the difficulty of abiding by all the details of loaning without interest, there’s an institution which is a contract set up by the Rabbis to conduct a business loan without violating the Torah prohibition of interest. This is only a general overview and not a procedure to be done without consulting an Orthodox Rabbi.</p>
<p class="indent">The Heter Iska splits the money in two, half (or a percentage) is a money deposit and half is a loan. The borrower may use the half which is a money deposit for business but as the deposit is considered the property of its owner wherever it may be, the profit that the borrower makes belongs to the lender. However, a loan is considered the money of the borrower and the profits belong to the borrower, who is then only obligated to return the capital without interest. </p>
<p class="indent">One condition of the agreement is that the borrower isn’t trusted to say that he lost money unless he proves it with acceptable witnesses and he isn’t trusted to say that he didn’t profit unless he makes a Shevuah (biblical oath) that he didn’t profit. Another condition is that if the borrower pays the agreed amount (above the original capital) he doesn’t need to prove that he didn’t make any more money. Therefore, at the end of term, the receiver returns the half which is a loan (while keeping the profit made from that half) and returns the deposit along with the profit he made from that half up to the amount agreed upon (and if he didn’t profit that amount unless he proves it he must still pay the agreed upon amount, and if he profited more, he’s exempt from paying more). </p>
<p class="indent">There are many other conditions and one must consult with a reliable orthodox rabbi regarding each situation and how to draw up a Heter Iska. <ref> Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 66:1-6. See Ribit Halacha LeMaseh chapter 20. One can see this [http://www.bethdin.org/docs/PDF15-Shtar_Iska.pdf shtar isko] on the website of the Beth Din of America </ref></p>
==Links==
==Links==
# [http://www.yutorah.org/lectures/lecture.cfm/826799/Rabbi_Hershel_Schachter/Ribbis Ribbis] by Rabbi Hershel Schachter
# [http://www.yutorah.org/lectures/lecture.cfm/773692/Rabbi_Yona_Reiss/Contemporary_Issues_in_Hilchos_Ribbis Contemporary Issues in Hilchos Ribbis] by Rabbi Yona Reiss


==Sources==
#[http://www.yutorah.org/lectures/lecture.cfm/826799/Rabbi_Hershel_Schachter/Ribbis Ribbis] by Rabbi Hershel Schachter
<references/>
#[http://www.yutorah.org/lectures/lecture.cfm/773692/Rabbi_Yona_Reiss/Contemporary_Issues_in_Hilchos_Ribbis Contemporary Issues in Hilchos Ribbis] by Rabbi Yona Reiss
[[Category:Between Man And His Fellow]]

Latest revision as of 02:30, 3 December 2020

The laws of interest are one of the most complex and relevant laws in today's economy and even in everyday life. See the numerous pages below for the details of arranging loans in a permitted fashion.

  • Categories of Ribbit: This page includes
    • the definitions of biblical and rabbinic interest,
    • legal subterfuge sometimes which is permitted and sometimes forbidden,
    • the laws of interest on rentals,
    • whether it be renting real estate or or utensils,
    • interest for worker salaries,
    • lending objects,
    • returning stolen money,
    • interest with a loan of land or documents,
    • forgiving interest,
    • ribbit for pikuach nefesh,
    • taking interest temporarily,
    • and giving interest to benefit the lender.
  • Interest with Non-Jews: This page includes
    • the laws of interest with a non-Jew, convert, non-religious Jew,
    • lending between several parties some of which are Jewish and some non-Jewish,
    • Jewish agent for interest deals, debt equity,
    • managing someone else's money,
    • as well as guarantors and co-signers.
  • When Is It Permitted to Benefit the Lender: This page covers
    • the topics of gifts or favors from the borrower to the lender,
    • whether it be monetary or non-monetary, or even mitzvah opportunities.
    • It also relates to a lender benefiting from a borrow's property,
    • hiring or giving business to the lender,
    • right of first refusal,
    • paying taxes, fees, or debt for the lender.
    • Payments to or from a third party are a separate discussion on this page as well.
  • Buying on Credit: This page discusses all of the details of
    • discounts for buying on credit such as subscriptions, early bird specials, or prepayments,
    • benefiting the seller,
    • contracts with a delivery company,
    • return policies,
    • and after the fact transactions established with interest.
  • Guaranteed Low Prices: This page deals with the topic of
    • paying for goods with a delayed delivery,
    • future contracts of commodities,
    • and a purchase of a service in advance without assuming risk.
  • Penalty Clauses: This page is dedicated to
    • penalties and late fees those which are permitted and those which are forbidden as interest.
  • Borrowing Commodities: This page deals with
    • borrowing commodities.
    • such as if you want to borrow a bag of flour or dozen eggs from your neighbor.
    • Lending commodities as part of a work contract is also discussed here.
  • Returning Interest That Was Wrongly Collected:
    • What to do with interest that was collected by accident or intentionally and now needs to be returned.
    • Biblical vs Rabbinic interest
  • Corporations and Partnerships:
    • A classic iska with all of the terms and conditions are documented here.
  • Financial Tools and Interest:
    • Stocks,
    • Merchant cash advance,
    • Annuity,
    • Selling a loan
  • Foreign Currency and Interest
    • Lending or Trading Foreign Currency
    • Purchasing a Commodity with One Currency and Repaying with Another
  • Common Everyday Cases of Interest: Some of the common questions dealt with on this page include:
    • Borrowing someone's credit card.
    • Keeping the Change when Repaying,
    • Selling a Check,
    • Exchanging Favors,
    • Family Members Lending,
    • Loans of Small Amounts,
    • Early Bird Specials,
    • Car Loans, and
    • Opening an Account at an Israeli Bank
  • Heter Iska
    • In order to make any loan with interest, which is standard in today's economy, a person needs to sign a heter iska to effectively change the contract from a loan into a partial or complete business deal. The halachot are complex and must be done with an official heter iska documents or reviewed by a rabbi.


Links

  1. Ribbis by Rabbi Hershel Schachter
  2. Contemporary Issues in Hilchos Ribbis by Rabbi Yona Reiss
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