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*Or Same'ach Shabbat 9:2 explains that kli sheni is completely removed from the possibility of cooking since it is a second derivative of the heat of the fire, similar to ''koach kocho''. See there where he goes so far as to suggest that the concept that ''kalei habishul'' cook in a kli sheni is only rabbinic. Shoel Umeishiv 5:11 has a similar approach, while Shevet Halevi 7:101:2 and Shulchan Shlomo 318:11:2 cited by Torat Melachot v. 2 p. 134 disagree with the approach of the Or Same'ach.</ref> | *Or Same'ach Shabbat 9:2 explains that kli sheni is completely removed from the possibility of cooking since it is a second derivative of the heat of the fire, similar to ''koach kocho''. See there where he goes so far as to suggest that the concept that ''kalei habishul'' cook in a kli sheni is only rabbinic. Shoel Umeishiv 5:11 has a similar approach, while Shevet Halevi 7:101:2 and Shulchan Shlomo 318:11:2 cited by Torat Melachot v. 2 p. 134 disagree with the approach of the Or Same'ach.</ref> | ||
#There is disagreement amongst the poskim as to which types of food fall into the category of Kalei Bishul, foods for which it is forbidden to pour from kli sheni onto them.<ref>*The Mishna on Shabbos 145b explains that, although it is forbidden to place uncooked foods into a Kli Rishon on Shabbos, one would be permitted to pour hot water onto these foods from a Kli Sheini. Rashi explains that this act of pouring is not considered Bishul and would therefore be permissible even if done on Shabbos itself. * However, the Mishna goes on to explain that there are certain types of fish for which even pouring would be considered a legitimate act of Bishul as they are more “easily cooked” and therefore considered to be within the category of Kalei Bishul. Since the Mishna writes that even pouring from a Kli Sheini would be assur, we can derive that placing these types of foods directly into a Kli Shinei would be forbidden as well. * There is a disagreement amongst the poskim as to which types of foods fall into this category of Kalei Bishul. The Mishna Brurah (Be’ur Halacha Siman 318 S”K 4) writes that any food which the Gemarah does not explicitly leave out of the category of Kalei Bishul would be forbidden to be placed into a Kli Sheini. However, the Chazon Ish (Siman 52 S”K 19) limits the category of Kalei Bishul. He explains that the only additional items which would be considered Kalei Bishul are those which appear to be easily cooked</ref> | #There is disagreement amongst the poskim as to which types of food fall into the category of Kalei Bishul, foods for which it is forbidden to pour from kli sheni onto them.<ref>*The Mishna on Shabbos 145b explains that, although it is forbidden to place uncooked foods into a Kli Rishon on Shabbos, one would be permitted to pour hot water onto these foods from a Kli Sheini. Rashi explains that this act of pouring is not considered Bishul and would therefore be permissible even if done on Shabbos itself. * However, the Mishna goes on to explain that there are certain types of fish for which even pouring would be considered a legitimate act of Bishul as they are more “easily cooked” and therefore considered to be within the category of Kalei Bishul. Since the Mishna writes that even pouring from a Kli Sheini would be assur, we can derive that placing these types of foods directly into a Kli Shinei would be forbidden as well. * There is a disagreement amongst the poskim as to which types of foods fall into this category of Kalei Bishul. The Mishna Brurah (Be’ur Halacha Siman 318 S”K 4) writes that any food which the Gemarah does not explicitly leave out of the category of Kalei Bishul would be forbidden to be placed into a Kli Sheini. However, the Chazon Ish (Siman 52 S”K 19) limits the category of Kalei Bishul. He explains that the only additional items which would be considered Kalei Bishul are those which appear to be easily cooked</ref> | ||
##Eggs are considered kalei habishul.<ref>Ginat Veradim 3:4, Pninei Yosef (Mishnat Yosef v. 3 p. 87), Menuchat Ahavat 2:10:18. See also Halichot Olam v. 4 p. 50. </ref> | |||
##Noodles are considered kalei habishul and may not be put in a kli sheni.<ref>Brit Halevi 1:33:4. Kdonag Nimasu v. 3 p. 294 quotes Klalim Bhilchot Shabbat 4:11:2 as holding that instant noodle soups are kalei habishul.</ref> | |||
#It’s forbidden to put any non-cooked food into a Kli Sheni which has the temperature of 113 degrees or greater <ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:53 </ref> except a few items including water, olive oil, ginger, cinnamon, ox-meat, <ref>39 Melachos (vol 2 pg 579-580) </ref> and milk.<ref>Mishna Brurah 318:39 at the end </ref> | #It’s forbidden to put any non-cooked food into a Kli Sheni which has the temperature of 113 degrees or greater <ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:53 </ref> except a few items including water, olive oil, ginger, cinnamon, ox-meat, <ref>39 Melachos (vol 2 pg 579-580) </ref> and milk.<ref>Mishna Brurah 318:39 at the end </ref> | ||
#Certain foods (such as potatoes, meat, kugel, or whole beans) store heat and should be treated as a Kli Rishon as long as it’s 113 degrees even if transferred to a Kli Sheni or Shelishi.<ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:58 </ref> For example, one shouldn’t put butter or seasoning on a hot (113 degree) potato or piece of meat.<ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:58 </ref> An exception to the rule, is that salt and some say even ketchup may be placed on the hot foods.<ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:58 because they are already cooked. </ref> | #Certain foods (such as potatoes, meat, kugel, or whole beans) store heat and should be treated as a Kli Rishon as long as it’s 113 degrees even if transferred to a Kli Sheni or Shelishi.<ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:58 </ref> For example, one shouldn’t put butter or seasoning on a hot (113 degree) potato or piece of meat.<ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:58 </ref> An exception to the rule, is that salt and some say even ketchup may be placed on the hot foods.<ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:58 because they are already cooked. </ref> | ||
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#One should not pour hot water (which has the temperature of 113 degrees) from a Kli Sheni onto a raw egg, non-boiled tea leaves, or herring.<ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:57 </ref> | #One should not pour hot water (which has the temperature of 113 degrees) from a Kli Sheni onto a raw egg, non-boiled tea leaves, or herring.<ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:57 </ref> | ||
=== | ===Appearing Like Cooking=== | ||
#According to Ashkenazim, there is a rabbinic prohibition to place uncooked foods into a kli sheni because it looks like cooking (Heb. מחזי כמבשל; trans. ''mechzei kemevashel''). However, this doesn't apply to spices because they are just meant to enhance the flavor of the food and not the actual food. [This is aside from the issue of cooking foods in a uncooked foods in a kli sheni as they might be easily cooked (Heb. קלי הבישול; trans. ''kali habishul'').]<ref>The Mishnah (Shabbat 42a) establishes that one is allowed to place spices into a Kli Sheini even though it appears as if the spices are cooking. The first answer in Tosfot Shabbat 39a s.v. kol is that for other foods there is a rabbinic decree not to place them into a kli sheni because it looks like cooking. Spices, however, which just enhance the taste of the food don't have that concern. Tosfot Pesachim 40b s.v. hailfas agrees. The Magen Avraham 318:15 and Mishnah Brurah 318:34 codify this opinion of Tosfot.</ref> Sephardim are lenient.<ref>Mishnat Chachamim on MB 318:34 cites Leviat Chen n. 44 who disagrees with the Magen Avraham because we follow the second answer of Tosfot Shabbat 39a s.v. kol, Rashba 39a s.v. vkol, Ritva, and others.</ref> | |||
# | |||
==Cooking in a Kli Shelishi== | ==Cooking in a Kli Shelishi== | ||
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## An alternative is to leave a bag of water in the cholent pot from before Shabbat and if one notices that the cholent is burning one can pop that bag on Shabbat.<ref>[https://itorah.com/lecture/audio/rabbi-eli-mansour/pouring-hot-water-into-hamin-cholent-on-shabbat/1632/6 Rabbi Mansour], Or Hahalacha p. 175</ref> | ## An alternative is to leave a bag of water in the cholent pot from before Shabbat and if one notices that the cholent is burning one can pop that bag on Shabbat.<ref>[https://itorah.com/lecture/audio/rabbi-eli-mansour/pouring-hot-water-into-hamin-cholent-on-shabbat/1632/6 Rabbi Mansour], Or Hahalacha p. 175</ref> | ||
## Another option is not to add any water but just move it to a heating source that is cooler. For example, one could pick up the cholent from the cholent pot and then put it on a hot plate or on top of an inverted pan on top of a hot plate.<ref>Or Hahalacha p. 175</ref> | ## Another option is not to add any water but just move it to a heating source that is cooler. For example, one could pick up the cholent from the cholent pot and then put it on a hot plate or on top of an inverted pan on top of a hot plate.<ref>Or Hahalacha p. 175</ref> | ||
## Some say that an alternative is to leave a metal ladle in the hot water urn for a while until it becomes very hot, specifically Yad Soledet Bo. Then one can ladle out some water from the urn and place it gently into the cholent pot.<ref>Or Hahalacha p. 175</ref> | ## Some say that an alternative is to leave a metal ladle in the hot water urn for a while until it becomes very hot, specifically Yad Soledet Bo. Then one can ladle out some water from the urn and place it gently into the cholent pot.<ref>[https://www.torahanytime.com/#/lectures?v=250495 Rav Yitzchak Yosef (Motzei Shabbat Ekev 5783, min 43)], Or Hahalacha p. 175</ref> | ||
#Certainly one may not put in tap water or even cooked water that cooled down in a cholent that is burning.<ref>Orchot Shabbat 1:2:71</ref> | #Certainly one may not put in tap water or even cooked water that cooled down in a cholent that is burning.<ref>Orchot Shabbat 1:2:71</ref> | ||
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*However, [http://www.yutorah.org/lectures/lecture.cfm/735829/Rabbi_Chaim_Jachter/Making_Tea_on_Shabbat Rabbi Chaim Jachter] cites the opinion of Rav Yosef Dov Soloveitchik in the name of his grandfather, Rav Chaim Soloveitchik, who made tea on [[Shabbat]] using a Kli Sheni, because the gemara [[Shabbat]] 42b says that it is permissible to put spices into a kli sheini, and Rav Chaim considered tea to be a spice. Nefesh Harav pg. 170 quotes that Rav Yosef Dov Soloveitchik held this way himself as well. Rav Shlomo Zalman Auerbach (quoted in Shmirat [[Shabbat]] KeHilchata chapter 1 note 152) is quoted as saying that the spices referred to in the gemara in [[shabbat]] 42b were different then the spices of today, and that today's spices would be considered like kalei habishul.</ref> | *However, [http://www.yutorah.org/lectures/lecture.cfm/735829/Rabbi_Chaim_Jachter/Making_Tea_on_Shabbat Rabbi Chaim Jachter] cites the opinion of Rav Yosef Dov Soloveitchik in the name of his grandfather, Rav Chaim Soloveitchik, who made tea on [[Shabbat]] using a Kli Sheni, because the gemara [[Shabbat]] 42b says that it is permissible to put spices into a kli sheini, and Rav Chaim considered tea to be a spice. Nefesh Harav pg. 170 quotes that Rav Yosef Dov Soloveitchik held this way himself as well. Rav Shlomo Zalman Auerbach (quoted in Shmirat [[Shabbat]] KeHilchata chapter 1 note 152) is quoted as saying that the spices referred to in the gemara in [[shabbat]] 42b were different then the spices of today, and that today's spices would be considered like kalei habishul.</ref> | ||
#The preferable way of making tea on [[Shabbat]] is to use instant tea which may be placed in a Kli Sheni (a cup with water which was poured from an urn) and better yet in a Kli Shelishi (a cup with water which was poured from a Kli Sheni).<ref>Halacha Brurah 318:121 explains that one can even do iruy kli rishon initially onto instant tea which is cooked in advance and then dried and concentrated (e.g. [https://www.britannica.com/topic/instant-tea Britannica ("Instant Tea")]). Vaish Mordechai 1:8:4 explains that regarding sugar the Ben Ish Chai Bo n. 7 advises being strict for the Chayei Adam to place sugar in a kli sheni and not do iruy kli rishon upon them. Mishna Brurah 318:71 agrees. However, Yachava Daat 2:44 writes that it isn't necessary to be strict and iruy kli rishon upon sugar which was already cooked is totally fine.</ref> | #The preferable way of making tea on [[Shabbat]] is to use instant tea which may be placed in a Kli Sheni (a cup with water which was poured from an urn) and better yet in a Kli Shelishi (a cup with water which was poured from a Kli Sheni).<ref>Halacha Brurah 318:121 explains that one can even do iruy kli rishon initially onto instant tea which is cooked in advance and then dried and concentrated (e.g. [https://www.britannica.com/topic/instant-tea Britannica ("Instant Tea")]). Vaish Mordechai 1:8:4 explains that regarding sugar the Ben Ish Chai Bo n. 7 advises being strict for the Chayei Adam to place sugar in a kli sheni and not do iruy kli rishon upon them. Mishna Brurah 318:71 agrees. However, Yachava Daat 2:44 writes that it isn't necessary to be strict and iruy kli rishon upon sugar which was already cooked is totally fine.</ref> | ||
#Another preferable method is to prepare "tea essence" by [[cooking]] a tea bag before [[Shabbat]], saving the flavored liquid, and putting it into a Kli Sheni (a cup with hot water which was poured from an urn).<ref>Mishna Brurah 318:39, Orchot Shabbat 1:74 </ref> Some question this practice when the tea essence is prepared before Shabbat in a kli sheni which is what is commonly done.<ref>Orchot Shabbat 1:75 fnt. 165 writes that there’s no bishul achar bishul if something was cooked in a kli sheni before | #Another preferable method is to prepare "tea essence" by [[cooking]] a tea bag before [[Shabbat]], saving the flavored liquid, and putting it into a Kli Sheni (a cup with hot water which was poured from an urn).<ref>Mishna Brurah 318:39, Orchot Shabbat 1:74 </ref> Some question this practice when the tea essence is prepared before Shabbat in a kli sheni which is what is commonly done.<ref>Orchot Shabbat 1:75 fnt. 165 writes that there’s no bishul achar bishul if something was cooked in a kli sheni before Shabbat to put it in a kli sheni again on Shabbat. Therefore, it is permitted to put the tea essence made in a kli sheni before Shabbat in a kli sheni on Shabbat since it is ein bishul achar bishul. Even though the tea essence is a cold liquid it isn’t considered a kalei habishul and as such it wouldn’t cook in a kli sheni. He acknowledges that the tea essence was never cooked in a kli rishon but it isn’t necessary since on Shabbat itself it is only going to be cooked in a kli sheni. However, he cites Rav Shmuel Auerbach who didn’t like it. Additionally, Tehilah LDovid 318:19 holds that it is forbidden. The only type of ein bishul achar bishul that chazal permitted is when the food was cooked in a kli rishon before Shabbat. Piskei Teshuvot 318:33 cites this and others who agree.</ref> When making tea essence the bags should be removed before Shabbat to avoid the issue of [[Borer]]. If one didn't one can pour off tea essence as long as the liquid in the tea covers the bags of tea.<ref>Orchot Shabbat 1:78</ref> | ||
#Lastly, if one didn't prepare tea essence before [[Shabbat]] some poskim are lenient to make tea using a Kli Shelishi by pouring boiling water from an urn to a cup (Kli Sheni) and from that cup to another cup (Kli Shelishi) and putting the tea bag in the Kli Shelishi.<ref>Igrot Moshe 4:74(15) writes that a Kli Shelishi doesn't cook at all and so it's permissible to put a tea bag in a Kli Shelishi. This is also the opinion of the 39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 661). There are some who disagreed with this idea, namely the Aruch HaShulchan 318:28 and Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:63 (in the new edition, see note 192). [The Mishna Brurah 318:39 clearly leave out this option implying that it's not a valid alternative. [http://www.yutorah.org/lectures/lecture.cfm/735738/Rabbi_Aryeh_Lebowitz/Making_Tea_on_Shabbos Rabbi Aryeh Lebowitz in an article on yutorah.org] writes "The Mishna Brurah writes that one may not cook tea even in a Kli Shelishi." and in a [http://www.yutorah.org/lectures/lecture.cfm/754922/Rabbi_Aryeh_Lebowitz/Ten_Minute_Halacha_-_Making_Tea_on_Shabbos Rabbi Lebowitz on the Ten Minute Halacha] reiterates this point.] | #Lastly, if one didn't prepare tea essence before [[Shabbat]] some poskim are lenient to make tea using a Kli Shelishi by pouring boiling water from an urn to a cup (Kli Sheni) and from that cup to another cup (Kli Shelishi) and putting the tea bag in the Kli Shelishi.<ref>Igrot Moshe 4:74(15) writes that a Kli Shelishi doesn't cook at all and so it's permissible to put a tea bag in a Kli Shelishi. This is also the opinion of the 39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 661). There are some who disagreed with this idea, namely the Aruch HaShulchan 318:28 and Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:63 (in the new edition, see note 192). [The Mishna Brurah 318:39 clearly leave out this option implying that it's not a valid alternative. [http://www.yutorah.org/lectures/lecture.cfm/735738/Rabbi_Aryeh_Lebowitz/Making_Tea_on_Shabbos Rabbi Aryeh Lebowitz in an article on yutorah.org] writes "The Mishna Brurah writes that one may not cook tea even in a Kli Shelishi." and in a [http://www.yutorah.org/lectures/lecture.cfm/754922/Rabbi_Aryeh_Lebowitz/Ten_Minute_Halacha_-_Making_Tea_on_Shabbos Rabbi Lebowitz on the Ten Minute Halacha] reiterates this point.] | ||
*Sh”t Shevet HaLevi 1:90 writes that there’s an issue of putting tea leaves in a kli rishon on [[Shabbat]] even if they were put in boiling water before [[Shabbat]]. However, if the leaves were totally cooked there’s no issue of putting them in a kli rishon on [[Shabbat]].</ref> | *Sh”t Shevet HaLevi 1:90 writes that there’s an issue of putting tea leaves in a kli rishon on [[Shabbat]] even if they were put in boiling water before [[Shabbat]]. However, if the leaves were totally cooked there’s no issue of putting them in a kli rishon on [[Shabbat]].</ref> | ||
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==Making Coffee on Shabbat== | ==Making Coffee on Shabbat== | ||
#It is permitted to make instant coffee and then to add milk and sugar to a Kli Sheni since it was cooked in its production.<ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:49, 54. Rav Moshe Feinstein (Igros Moshe O.C. 4:74:16), Orchot Shabbat 1:83, 86</ref> It is a stringency to make instant coffee in a Kli Shelishi.<ref>Orchot Shabbat 1 fnt. 178 quotes the Shevet Halevi who is concerned that since the instant coffee was cooked and then baked it is like it was never cooked. He cites however, that Rav Shlomo Zalman Auerbach (Meor Hashabbat v. 3 n. 42:2) was lenient. He also cites from Meor Hashabbat that Rav Elyashiv was strict unless it would ruin the coffee being hot.</ref> | #It is permitted to make instant coffee and then to add milk and sugar to a Kli Sheni since it was cooked in its production.<ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:49, 54. Rav Moshe Feinstein (Igros Moshe O.C. 4:74:16), Orchot Shabbat 1:83, 86</ref> It is a stringency to make instant coffee in a Kli Shelishi.<ref>Orchot Shabbat 1 fnt. 178 quotes the Shevet Halevi who is concerned that since the instant coffee was cooked and then baked it is like it was never cooked. He cites however, that Rav Shlomo Zalman Auerbach (Meor Hashabbat v. 3 n. 42:2) was lenient. He also cites from Meor Hashabbat that Rav Elyashiv was strict unless it would ruin the coffee being hot.</ref> | ||
#Making Starbucks VIA coffee is permitted specifically in a kli shelishi and not a kli rishon or kli sheni since it includes roasted kernels that aren't pre-cooked.<ref>[https://www.yutorah.org/ | #Making Starbucks VIA coffee is permitted specifically in a kli shelishi and not a kli rishon or kli sheni since it includes roasted kernels that aren't pre-cooked.<ref>Rabbi Aryeh Lebowitz (RJJ v. 77 p. 62), [https://www.yutorah.org/lectures/lecture.cfm/979876/rabbi-ike-sultan/is-it-permitted-to-make-starbucks-via-coffee-on-shabbos-/ Article by Rabbi Sultan on YUTorah]. See [https://www.yutorah.org/lectures/lecture.cfm/911368/rabbi-aryeh-lebowitz/ten-minute-halacha-making-starbucks-via-coffee-on-shabbos/ Rabbi Aryeh Lebowitz's Ten Minute Halacha] on this topic. He presents three basic opinions. Either it can be made in a kli sheni, kli shelishi, or shouldn't be made at all on Shabbat. Rabbi Yona Reiss's opinion is recorded on the [http://www.crcweb.org/faq/faqanswer.php?faqid=78 CRC site].</ref> | ||
{{Using a French Press or Filter on Shabbat and Yom Tov}} | {{Using a French Press or Filter on Shabbat and Yom Tov}} | ||
#Setting a coffee machine in a timer to make fresh coffee in Shabbat is inappropriate and ill-advised.<ref>Rabbi Aryeh Lebowitz (RJJ v. 77 p. 73)</ref> | |||
==Benefiting from Food Cooked on Shabbat== | ==Benefiting from Food Cooked on Shabbat== | ||
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<references /> | <references /> | ||
[[Category:Shabbat]] | [[Category:Shabbat]] | ||
{{Shabbat Table}} | |||
