Netilat Yadayim upon Waking Up: Difference between revisions

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When one wakes up in the morning there is a mitzvah to wash one's hands 3 times with a cup. The details of when and how it should be done are described below:
[[Image:Netilat Yadayim.jpg|right|200px]]
==Procedure for washing one's hands==
Chazal established that upon waking up a person should wash his hands in the morning prior to davening Shacharit to clean his hands before praying, purify them of any hint of death that comes from sleeping, and prepare himself for holiness the way the Kohanim did in the Beit HaMikdash. The details of when and how it should be done are described below:
# One should wash with a cup or some sort of vessel. <ref> Shulchan Aruch 4:7, Kitzur S"A 2:4, Mishna Berura 4:15. </ref> If there is no cup, one can use a faucet but shouldn't make a beracha. <ref> Halacha Berura 4:12 </ref>
==Reasons for Washing One's Hands==
# One should wash up to one's wrists. If there's not enough water, it is sufficient to wash up to one's major knuckles (where the finger connects to the hand). <ref> Mishna Brurah 4:9 writes that one should wash up to one's wrists and if there's not enough water, it is sufficient to wash up to one's knuckles. Kitzur S"A 2:3 agrees. Ben Ish Chai (Parashat Toldot #2) writes that one must wash until one's wrists except for on [[Yom Kippur]] and [[Tisha BeAv]] when it is sufficient to wash up to one's knuckles. </ref>
# One reason for netilat yadayim in the morning is that overnight one's hands certainly got dirty from touching one's body.<ref>Rosh Brachot 9:23</ref>
# One should wash one's right hand first, then one's left, and repeat this process two more times so that one washes each hand 3 times. Some say one should wash each hand 4 times. <ref>Mishna Brurah 4:9</ref>
# Another reason for netilat yadayim in the morning is to remove the negative spirits on our hands after having been recreated each day.<ref>Rashba teshuva 1:191 writes that the reason for netilat yadayim in the morning isn't just because of the davening otherwise one should recite a bracha for netilat yadayim prior to mincha and arvit. Rather the reason is because a person is recreated each day and the the bracha was established like brachot hashachar. It represents preparing ourselves for kedusha just like the kohanim would wash their hands from the Kiyor in the Bet Hamikdash before doing avoda.</ref>
# Even a lefty should begin to wash his right hand first.<Ref>Kaf HaChaim 4:35, Artzot HaChaim 4:10, Halacha Brurah 4:22</ref>
# A third reason for netilat yadayim in the morning is to remove the negative spirits upon himself, which is a result of the element of death that descends upon a person when he sleeps.<ref>Zohar Beresheet 184b cited by Bet Yosef 4:8</ref>
==Procedure for Washing One's Hands==
# One should wash with a cup or some sort of vessel.<ref>Shulchan Aruch Orach Chaim 4:7, Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 2:4, Mishna Brurah 4:15, Kitzur Shulchan Aruch of Rav Mordechai Eliyahu 2:1. The Hagahot Mordechai Brachot 192, Ran Chullin 37b s.v. mipnei, Bet Yosef 4:7 based on Rosh, and Darkei Moshe 4:1 all write that a vessel isn't necessary for Netilat Yadayim in the morning. However, the Rashba teshuva 1:191 writes that a vessel is necessary.</ref> If there is no cup available, according to Ashkenazim, if one is in an extenuating circumstance and wants to pray, one may wash without a cup with a bracha. According to Sephardim, if one washes without a cup, such as if one washes directly from the faucet, one should not recite a bracha.<ref>Rama 4:7, Mishna Brurah 4:16, and Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 2:6 hold that if there's no utensil available one can wash without it and recite a bracha. This is either based on the Ran Chullin 37b or the Rashba 1:191 according to the Dareki Moshe Haaruch. However, the Kiseh Eliyahu 4:3 and Tzemach Tzedek Lubavitch O.C. 1:1 argue with the Rama that the Rashba would hold that a vessel is critical and without it one can't recite a bracha. This is indeed implied by the Rashba 1:190 and 1:595 that the language of Al Netinat Yadayim implies that a vessel is necessary. Aruch Hashulchan 4:10, Rav Mordechai Eliyahu (comments on Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 2:9), Or LeTzion 2:1:5, Halacha Brurah 4:12, and Yalkut Yosef 4:1 agree that if one can't use a vessel one should wash without a bracha.</ref>
#One should wash up to one's wrists. If there is not enough water available, it is sufficient to wash up to one's major knuckles (where one's fingers connect to the hand).<ref>Mishna Brurah 4:9 writes that one should wash up to one's wrists and if there happens not to be enough water, it is sufficient to wash up to one's knuckles. Kitzur Shulchan Aruch O.C. 2:3 agrees. Ben Ish Chai (Parashat Toldot #2) writes that one must wash until one's wrists except on [[Yom Kippur]] and [[Tisha BeAv]] when one may only wash up to one's knuckles. </ref>
#One should wash one's right hand first, then one's left hand, and repeat this process two more times so that one washes each hand three times, while alternating hands in the process. Some say one should wash each hand four times.<ref>Mishna Brurah 4:9 cites the Gra that one should wash four times to remove the ruach raah water remaining on one's hands after washing three times.</ref>
#Before pouring the water, the filled vessel should be picked up with the right hand and passed to the left hand.<ref>Shulchan Aruch O.C. 4:10, Ben Ish Hai, Toledot, Halacha 1; Kaf HaChaim 4:12 </ref>
#Even a lefty should begin by washing his right hand first.<ref>Kaf HaChaim 4:35, Artzot HaChaim 4:10, Halacha Brurah 4:22, Mishna Brurah 4:22 explains that the lefty should also follow the practice of a righty since it is reflective of how the middah of Chesed should increase.</ref>
# The water must enter in between the fingers, at least a little bit, otherwise it does not fulfill the requirement.<ref> Halichot Olam, Volume 1, Page 324. Hacham Ovadia Yosef writes that the beracha is considered levatala in a case where water does not enter in between fingers even slightly. </ref>
# One who is obligated in netilat yadayim may receive assistance from one who is not obligated in netilat yadayim and still fulfill the obligation.<ref> Yalkut Yosef, page 48. Shulchan Aruch O.C. 159:13 says that even a monkey can help one fulfill the obligation of netilat yadayim. </ref>
#One may not derive benefit from the water that one washed one's hands with.<ref>Shulchan Aruch O.C. 4:9, Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 2:4. See Biur Halacha 338:8 s.v. assur how it is still considered usable. Rav Ben Tzion Abba Shaul (Or Letzion 2:1:6) argues that nowadays we usually pour more than a reviit each time, so there is no ruach raah and one may recite berachot and learn Torah by the water.</ref>
#One should wash one's hands with a bracha in the middle even if one only slept after Chatzot.<ref>Ben Ish Chai (Shana Rishona, Toldot no. 16)</ref>
# As a rabbinic mitzvah one should intention for the mitzvah of netilat yadayim when washing one's hands.<ref>Pri Megadim M"Z 4:15 writes that according to those who hold that there's no need for intention for rabbinic mitzvot then netilat yadayim doesn't need intention. According to those who hold that there is a need generally, potentially netilat yadayim shouldn't require intention since it is similar to tevilah which doesn't require intention (according to most, see Shulchan Aruch YD 198:48). However, the Pri Megadim distinguishes and says that only for optional mitzvot such as tevilah and shechita don't require kavana but netilat yadayim in the morning is an obligatory mitzvah and as such requires kavana. (This distinction of the Pri Megadim is highlighted by the Ramban Chullin 31b s.v. vha who says that mitzvot tzerichot kavana is for any obligatory mitzvah but not for a matir.) Yet, the Veyashev Hayam 1:2 (Rav Yakov Moshe Hillel) argues that it doesn't require kavana since it is less severe than tevilah and even tevilah doesn't require intention. This is relevant to the practice of the Chaye Adam (cited by Biur Halacha 4:1) to wash twice, once before going to the bathroom and once afterwards.</ref>


==When should one wash one's hands?==
==Netilat Yadayim in the Bathroom==
# According to Ashkenazim, upon waking up, if one needs to go to the bathroom, then if after going to the bathroom one will be ready for davening, one should upon waking up wash without a bracha and after having gone to the bathroom wash again with the bracha of Al [[Netilat Yadayim]]. <ref> see next footnote </ref>
# According to Ashkenazim, however, if after having gone to the bathroom one will still not be ready for davening and will have to go to the bathroom another time before davening (as is common when one wakes up a long time before davening), according to Ashkenazim, one should wash without a bracha upon waking up, wash a second time without a bracha after having gone to the bathroom the first time, and then wash a third time with a bracha of Al [[Netilat Yadayim]] after having gone to the bathroom a second time. Some say that one doesn't need to wash before going to the bathroom and that after having gone to the bathroom one should wash without a cup and without the bracha, and then when one is ready for davening one should wash again using a cup and make the bracha. <ref>
* The Mishna Brurah 4:4 quotes the Magan Avraham as saying that one should wash with the bracha and then go to the bathroom but it's preferable upon waking up to wash without a bracha and after going to the bathroom wash with the bracha.
* However, if one is not going to be ready for davening after having gone to the bathroom the first time, the Biur Halacha (4:1 D"H Afliu) presents two opinions about when it is preferable to wash one's hands with the bracha of Al [[Netilat Yadayim]]. The Chaye Adam holds that it's preferable upon waking up to wash without a bracha and when one's ready for davening to wash again with the bracha, while the Shaarei Teshuva holds that one should wash with the bracha after going to the bathroom even if one isn't totally ready for davening. The Biur Halacha rules like the Chaye Adam that upon waking up one should wash without a bracha and when one is ready for davening to wash again with the bracha.
* Rav Shlomo Zalman (quoted in Halichot Shlomo (Tefilla 2:23, pg 23)) rules like the Chaye Adam and states when one is washing one's hands after having gone to the bathroom in the morning if one knows that one will need to go to the bathroom again before Davening the first time one should wash without a bracha and after going to the bathroom the second time when one is ready for davening one should wash with the bracha.
* Rav Mordechai Willig in Am Mordechai (Brachot, Siman 11, pg 45-8) writes that one should go to the bathroom, wash without a cup, and then when one is ready for davening wash again with a cup and make the bracha of Al [[Netilat Yadayim]]. </ref>
# According to Sephardim one may get dressed, go to the bathroom, and then wash and make the bracha of Al Netilat Yadayim. However, it's preferable upon waking up to wash without a bracha and then after having gone to the bathroom to wash again with a Bracha unless one has an urgent need to go to the bathroom in which case one should go to the bathroom before washing one's hands. <Ref> Yalkut Yosef (vol 1, pg 384). Halacha Brurah 4:4 writes that if one needs to go to the bathroom one should first go to the bathroom and then wash one's hands with a Bracha of Al [[Netilat Yadayim]]. However, some are strict to wash twice, once before going to the bathroom and once afterward and only make the bracha the second time. If the need to go to the bathroom is urgent then certainly one should go to the bathroom and only wash afterwards. </ref>


==What is permissible before washing hands?==
#One shouldn't wash Netilat Yadayim in a bathroom unless there is no other option such as on an airplane, but they should say the bracha outside of the bathroom.<ref>Yabia Omer OC 3:1, [Rabbi Mansour www.dailyhalacha.com/m/halacha.aspx?id=2517], Mayan Omer v. 1 p. 25. Yabia Omer 4:5 permits netilat yadayim in a bathroom in the case of sha'at hadhak. </ref>
# It is permissible to say [[Modeh Ani]] before washing hands. <ref> Mishna Brurah 1:8, Kitzur S"A 1:2, Shulchan Aruch HaRav 1:6 </ref>
# One may do netilat yadayim in a room which has a bath and no toilet.<ref> Yabia Omer 7:27 explains that this is because these rooms are generally kept clean and used for storing items. </ref>
# It's not permissible to learn or even think Torah before washing one's hands. <ref> Mishna Brurah 1:8, Shulchan Aruch HaRav 1:6 </ref>
# One should wash one's hands before walking 4 amot. <ref> Mishna Brurah 1:1, Kitzur S"A 2:1. See also Piskei Teshuvot 1:7 who writes that the minhag is that one should wash one's hands even before putting one's feet on the ground. </ref> However some are lenient in this regard. <ref> BeYitzchak Yikrah 1:2 comments that the tradition from the Gra that the Ruach Rah on hands was nullified with the death of Rabbi Avraham the Ger applies only to laws of the Zohar and not the Talmud Bavli and since this law is sourced in the Zohar, there is what to be lenient. </ref>
# If the water if further than 4 Amot some say that it's better to walk less than 4 [[amot]] at a time while others say it's better to go there quickly if it's still in the same house. <ref> Mishna Brurah 1:2 </ref>
# It’s permitted to get dressed prior to washing one’s hands. <Ref> Yalkut Yosef (vol 1 pg 7), Sh”t Yabea Omer 5:1, Sh”t Otzrot Yosef 1:1 </ref>
# One shouldn't touch any foods before washing his hands. If he did unintentionally, the food should be washed three times. If this is impossible, one should preferably refrain from eating it. If necessary though, one can eat it without washing it. <ref> Yabia Omer 4:1, Otzrot Yosef 1:10 </ref>


==Walking 4 [[amot]] prior to [[Netilat Yadayim]]==
==When Should One Wash One's Hands?==
# It's preferable that one is strict not to walk more than 4 [[amot]] prior to [[Netilat Yadayim]]. <ref>The Tolat Yacov (Seder [[Netilat Yadayim]]) quotes the Zohar saying that it’s forbidden to walk 4 [[amot]] prior to washing [[Netilat Yadayim]]. (1) The Bach (beginning of 4) writes that S”A didn’t quote the Zohar because many people wouldn’t be able to fulfill the law. Sh”t Shevut Yacov 3:1 defends the minhag by saying that either the entire law of the Zohar isn’t applicable since the Talmud Balvi argues on it, or that the entire house is considered within 4 amot. The Eliyah Rabba 1:4 argues on the Shevut Yacov but defends the minhag by saying that perhaps the law doesn’t apply nowadays. So writes the Lechem Mishna (Shevitat Esor 3:12) and Yam Shel Shlomo (Chullin 31). (2) On the other hand, the Chida (Birkei Yosef 1:1) writes that it’s a serious halacha, most are strict about it, and if the water is far away one should walk less than 4 [[amot]] at a time to get the water.  So writes the Shalmei Tzibbur 18c, Chesed LeAlaphim 4:12, Ruach Chaim 4:1, and Petach Dvir 4:1. However, the Shaarei Teshuva 1:2 and Siddur Bet Ovad 6:3 argue that if the water is far away one should rush to get to the water as soon as one can. (3) In conclusion, Sh”t Otzrot Yosef 1:2 writes in name of Rav Ovadyah Yosef that in cases of need one may rely on the lenient opinions especially if one went to sleep after chatzot. So too, Mishna Brurah 1:2 writes that one may rely on the Shevut Yacov (that a house is like 4 amot) in cases of great need. </ref>
{{Template:When Should One Wash One's Hands in the Morning}}


==When does one need to wash hands?==
==What Is Permissible before Washing Hands?==
# Before Shacharit or Mincha (specifically the [[Shemoneh Esrei]]) one should wash hands if one had a long interruption between the original washing upon rising. <ref> S"A 92:5 writes that if there was an interruption between the washing upon rising in the morning and praying, one should wash hands if water is available. This is brought down in Yalkut Yosef (Tefilah pg 330). </ref>  If water isn't available one doesn't need to wash one's hands, but only to rub it upon something hard. <ref> Mishna Brurah 92:26 writes that since one can't find water for Stam hands one doesn't need to wash them, but only to rub them against something that can clean them. </ref>
# If one actually touched a unclean part of the body or went to the bathroom, one must search and find water to wash hands for [[Shemoneh Esrei]]. <ref> Mishna Brurah 92:27 writes that only if one has Stam hands S"A is lenient that one doesn't have to search for water if it isn't around, however if there is a certain impurity such as if one touched an unclean area or went to the bathroom, one certainly must wash hands. Kaf Hachayim 4:86 writes that if he's in the middle of the shemoneh esrei and he realized that he touched something that would obligate him to wash, he should just wipe his hands on "midi diminakei" such as his clothes, wood, or stone. </ref>
# However, just to say Brachot, Kriyat Shema, or learn Torah one doesn't need to wash hands. <ref> Mishna Brurah 92:25 writes that implied from S"A is that only does [[Shemoneh Esrei]] need clean hands but for learning Torah, Kriyat Shema or Brachot stam (they are in doubt, they aren't certainly clean or unclean) are sufficient. However, Mishna Brurah also quotes the Pri Megadim 4 writes that Kriyat Shema does need washed hands. </ref>
# If someone slept in a bed during the day, he should wash netilat yadayim without a beracha. <ref> Halacha Berura 4:47 </ref>


==Someone who stayed up all night==
#It is permissible to say [[Modeh Ani]] before washing hands.<ref>Eliya Zuta 1:2, Mishna Brurah 1:8, Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 1:2, Shulchan Aruch HaRav 1:5 </ref>
# If one slept less than 30 minutes <ref> Kitzur S”A 2:8, Dinei Nieyor Kol HaLaylah (pg 42) in name of Rav Chaim Kanievsky </ref> or slept in a temporary fashion (putting one’s head on the table, <ref>Ishei Yisrael 2:33 note 110, Piskei Teshuvot </ref>, or on a couch or chair) <ref> Halacha Berura 4:47 </ref> in the morning, one should wash without a Bracha. <Ref> Mishna Brurah 4:27, Ishei Yisrael 2:33, Birkei Yosef 4:5 </ref>  
#It is not permissible to learn Torah out load or to verbalize it before washing one's hands,<ref>Mishna Brurah 1:8, Shulchan Aruch HaRav 1:5, Yalkut Yosef 4:27 </ref> yet just thinking in Torah is allowed.<ref>Piskei Teshuvot 4:32. This is also implied by Shulchan Aruch HaRav 1:5.</ref> However, if one is going to miss the chance to make a bracha or answer amen one should just rub his hands against someone to clean them and say the bracha or answer amen. If one slept in pajamas it is unnecessary to even rub them in order to clean them.<ref>Yalkut Yosef 4:27. A similar idea is found in Eliyah Rabba 227:6, Mishna Brurah 227:10.</ref>
# If one woke up and has in mind to go back to sleep, should wash without a Bracha and then when one wakes up the second time one should wash with a Bracha. <Ref> Piskei Teshuvot 1:6 writes that it’s preferable to wash when one wakes up the first time, however, it’s clear one doesn’t make a Bracha since one’s not ready to daven as in Buir Halacha 4:1 D”H Afilu. Halichot Shlomo (Tefillah pg 170) agrees. </ref>
#One should wash one's hands before walking four [[amot]].<ref>Mishna Brurah 1:1, Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 2:1. See also Piskei Teshuvot 1:7 who writes that the minhag is that one should wash one's hands even before putting one's feet on the ground. </ref> However some are lenient in this regard.<ref>BeYitzchak Yikrah 1:2 comments that the tradition from the Gra that the Ruach Rah on hands was nullified with the death of Rabbi Avraham the Ger applies only to laws of the Zohar and not the Talmud Bavli and since this law is sourced in the Zohar, there is reason to be lenient. [http://www.hebrewbooks.org/pdfpager.aspx?req=1525&st=&pgnum=5&hilite= Rabbi Yitzchak Abadi (Or Yitzchak 1:1)] writes that Rav Aharon Kotler wasn't careful about washing within 4 amot of waking up and goes on to defend such a position.</ref>
# If one woke up in the middle of the night and wants to take a drink, he should preferably wash his hands first, but if this is too difficult he can just wipe his hands on a blanket and then take the drink. <ref> Or Litzion 2:1:8 </ref>
#If the water is further than 4 [[Amot]] away some say that it is better to walk less than 4 [[amot]] at a time, while others say it is better to go there quickly if it is still in the same house.<ref>Mishna Brurah 1:2 </ref>
# If one woke up after Chatzot, if one still needs to go to the bathroom before davening, one shouldn’t make the Bracha of Al [[Netilat Yadayim]] until after one went to the bathroom and then it should be said together with Brachot HaShachar, however, if one knows that one doesn’t need to go to the bathroom before Davening, one should make the Bracha of [[Netilat Yadayim]] as close as possible to waking up. <Ref> Biur Halacha 4:1 D”H Afilu as ruling like the Chaye Adam, Ishei Yisrael 2:31, Dinei Nieyor Kol HaLaylah (pg 42), Halichot Olam 2:23, See Piskei Teshuvot 4:2 who writes that one can go like the Chaye Adam or like the Mekubalim </ref>  
##If a person sleeps in a bunkbed it is permissible to wash within 4 amot of the bed even if one will walk more than 4 amot going down the ladder and to the washing station.<ref>Chelkat Yakov OC 1:1</ref>
# If one washed with a Bracha before [[Olot HaShachar]], one should wash again at Olot without a Bracha. <Ref> S”A 4:14, Mishna Brurah 4:31, Ishei Yisrael 2:31 </ref>
#It is permitted to get dressed prior to washing one’s hands.<ref>Yalkut Yosef (vol 1 pg 7), Sh”t Yabia Omer 5:1, Sh”t Otzrot Yosef 1:1 </ref>
# If one wakes up before Chatzot, one should wash without a Bracha, and then after Olot Hashachar one should dirty one’s hands (by touching a or by going to the bathroom) and then wash with a Bracha. <Ref>Buir Halacha 4:13 D”H Kol, Ishei Yisrael 2:32, Dinei Nieyor Kol HaLaylah (pg 41) </ref>
#It is preferable to be strict and not to walk more than 4 [[amot]] prior to [[Netilat Yadayim]].<ref>The Tolat Yacov (Seder [[Netilat Yadayim]]) quotes the Zohar saying that it is forbidden to walk 4 [[amot]] prior to washing [[Netilat Yadayim]]. (1) The Bach (beginning of 4) writes that S”A did not quote the Zohar because many people would not be able to fulfill the law. Sh”t Shevut Yaakov 3:1 defends the minhag by saying that either the entire law of the Zohar is not applicable since the Talmud Balvi argues on it, or that the entire house is considered within 4 [[amot]]. The Eliyah Rabba 1:4 argues on the Shevut Yaakov but defends the minhag by saying that perhaps the law does not apply nowadays. The Lechem Mishneh (Shevitat Esor 3:12) and Yam Shel Shlomo (Chullin 31)agree. (2) On the other hand the [[Chida]] (Birkei Yosef 1:1) writes that it is a serious Halacha, most people are strict about, therefore if the water is far away one should walk less than 4 [[amot]] at a time to get the water.  So writes the Shalmei Tzibbur 18c, Chesed LeAlaphim 4:12, Ruach Chaim 4:1, and Petach Dvir 4:1. However, the Shaarei Teshuva 1:2 and Siddur Bet Ovad 6:3 argue that if the water is far away one should rush to get to the water as soon as one can. (3) In conclusion, Sh”t Otzrot Yosef 1:2 writes in the name of Rav Ovadyah Yosef that in cases of need, one may rely on the lenient opinions especially if one went to sleep after [[Chatzot]]. So too, Mishna Brurah 1:2 writes that one may rely on the Shevut Yaakov (that a house is like 4 [[amot]]) in cases of great need. Rav Mordechai Lebhar (Magen Avot, Orach Chaim 4:18) writes that many are lenient to assume that the whole house is like one's four amot, but scrupulous individuals are careful about this.</ref>
# If one stayed up all night, one should wash in the morning without a bracha. <ref>
#One should not touch any foods before washing one's hands. If one did unintentionally, the food should be washed three times. If this is impossible, one should preferably refrain from eating it. If necessary though, one can eat it without washing it, because according to the letter of the law, the food is permitted.<ref>Mishna Brurah 4:14, Yalkut Yosef 4:35, Yabia Omer OC 4:1, Otzrot Yosef 1:10, Or LeTzion 2:1:4.
The Shulchan Aruch (4:13) writes that there is a doubt whether one makes a Bracha on [[Netilat Yadayim]] on the morning after staying up all night. Similairly, the Rama (ibid) comments that one should do netilat Yadayim without a Bracha.
* Bet Yosef 4:5 clarifies that according to Rashi and Tur there's no issue with someone who didn't wash netilat yadayim to touch food and that's his opinion in Shulchan Aruch 4:5. However, the Bach 4:2, Taz 4:4, and Biur Hagra 4:4 argue with the Bet Yosef's understanding and say that someone who didn't wash netilat yadyaim should be very careful not to touch food.  
* The source of the Shulchan Aruch's doubt is the dispute for doing [[Netilat Yadayim]] in the morning. The Rosh (Brachot 9:23) says because one's hands are "עסקניות" (literally busy) and they may have touched an unclean part of the body during one's sleep, it's an obligation to do [[Netilat Yadayim]] in the morning. As a support to his view that we wash our hands for cleanliness before prayer he quotes the pasuk from Tehilim (26:6) "אֶרְחַץ בְּנִקָּיוֹן כַּפָּי ". On the other hand, the Rashba (Teshuvat HaRashba 1:191) argues on the Rosh claiming that there is no source for the idea of the Rosh. Rather the reason is that we are purifying our hands for the whole day (theoretically even to cover washing before bread) and the reason that we do it specifically before Shacharit is that when we wake up in the morning it's as if we are created anew as it says in Eicha (3:23) חֲדָשִׁים לַבְּקָרִים רַבָּה אֱמוּנָתֶךָ.
* Chaye Adam 2:2 writes that one posek who was strict on food even after the fact. The Chaye Adam distinguishes between beer and other food and only beer is forbidden after the fact. However, Yabia Omer OC 4:1 cites the Tosefet Maaseh Rav n. 25 who quotes a story of the Gra where he said that they should throw out an apple that was touched before Netilat Yadayim after sleeping. This story indicates that there's no distinction between beer and other foods.</ref>
* A practical difference (explained by the Bet Yosef (4:13)) that emerges from the dispute is a case of a person that didn't go to sleep at night. According to the Rosh, since one didn't go to sleep there is no doubt that a person would have touched an unclean area and so, there's no need for [[Netilat Yadayim]]. On the other hand, the Rashba holds that since we are created new everyday we need [[Netilat Yadayim]] even if one didn't go to sleep that night. Another concern that compounds the doubt of the Shulchan Aruch is the aspect of רוח רעה that is mentioned by the Tur (4:1) and so, even according to the Rosh one should still need to do [[Netilat Yadayim]]. Nonetheless based on a quote from the Zohar (Vayishlach 169b), the Bet Yosef (ibid) argues that the issue of רוח רעה only applies to the nighttime.
#One can touch food by the use of a cloth intervening between one's hand and the food.<ref>Chaye Adam 2:2 cited by Yabia Omer 4:1</ref>
* Rav Ovadiah(Chazon Ovadiah, Shavuot, note 25) mentions that even though the Maharsham (3:126) holds that one even makes a bracha on [[Netilat Yadayim]] of Birkat Cohanim and going to the bathroom; nevertheless, we don't hold like the Maharsham in this Halacha, says Rav Ovadiah Yosef.
#A person shouldn't touch sefarim before washing his hands.<ref>Yalkut Yosef 4:33</ref>
* The Mishna Berurah(4:27) adds that if one indeed went to sleep a שינת קבע (a substantial sleep) on his bed, then one makes netilat Yadayim with a Bracha.
#A person should not touch one's mouth, nose, ears, or eyes before washing hands in the morning.<ref>Shulchan Aruch 4:3. Halacha Brurah 4:23 says we're machmir not to even touch these areas even just the skin on the outside.</ref> If possible one shouldn't even touch one's eyelids before washing Netilat Yadayim.<ref>Mishna Brurah 4:12 writes that if possible one shouldn't even touch one's eyelids before washing Netilat Yadayim. The Chida in [http://www.hebrewbooks.org/pdfpager.aspx?req=7733&st=&pgnum=4 Shiurei Bracha 4:3] writes that although the Yavetz was lenient about touching the eyelids he is incorrect. The Sefer Chasidim 155 implies that it is an issue.</ref>
 
==When Does One Need to Wash Hands?==
 
#Before [[Shacharit]] or [[Mincha]] (specifically the [[Shmoneh Esrei]]) one should wash hands if there was a long interruption from the time of the original washing upon rising.<ref>Shulchan Aruch 92:5 writes that if there was an interruption between the washing upon rising in the morning and praying, one should wash one's hands if water is available. This is brought down in Yalkut Yosef (Tefilah pg 330). </ref>  If water is not available one does not need to wash one's hands, but only to rub them against something hard.<ref>Mishna Brurah 92:26 writes that since one cannot find water for Stam hands (they are in doubt as to their cleanliness) one does not need to wash them, but should rub them against that which cleanses them. </ref>
#If one touched an unclean part of the body or went to the bathroom, one must search and find water to wash one's hands without a bracha for [[Shmoneh Esrei]].<ref>Mishna Brurah 92:27 writes that this applies only if one has Stam hands(they are in doubt as to their cleanliness). Shulchan Aruch is lenient and states one does not have to search for water if it is not around, however if there is a certain impurity such as if one touched an unclean area or went to the bathroom, one certainly must wash hands. Kaf Hachayim 4:86 writes that if one is in the middle of the [[Shmoneh Esrei]] and one realizes one touched something that would obligate one to wash, one should just wipe one's hands on "midi diminakei" such as one's clothes, wood, or stone. </ref>
#However, in order to say [[Brachot]], [[Kriyat Shema]], or learn Torah one does not need to wash one's hands.<ref>Mishna Brurah 92:25 writes that implied in the Shulchan Aruch is, that not only does [[Shmoneh Esrei]] require clean hands, but for [[learning Torah]], [[Kriyat Shema]] or [[Brachot]] Stam hands (they are in doubt, they are not certainly clean or unclean) are sufficient. However, Mishna Brurah also quotes the Pri Megadim 4, who writes that [[Kriyat Shema]] does need washed hands. </ref>
#If one slept in a bed during the day, one should wash [[Netilat Yadayim]] without a bracha.<ref>Halacha Brurah 4:47 </ref>
 
==Someone Who Stayed up All Night==
 
#If one slept less than 30 minutes <ref>Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 2:8, Or Letzion 2:1:7, Dinei Nieyor Kol HaLaylah (pg 42) in name of Rav Chaim Kanievsky</ref> or slept in a temporary fashion (putting one’s head on a table,<ref>Ishei Yisrael 2:33 note 110, Piskei Teshuvot </ref>, or slept on a couch or chair) <ref>Halacha Brurah 4:47 </ref> one should wash without a bracha upon awakening.<ref>Mishna Brurah 4:27, Ishei Yisrael 2:33, Birkei Yosef 4:5 </ref>
#If one stayed up all night, one should wash in the morning without a bracha.<ref>The Shulchan Aruch Orach Chaim 4:13 writes that there is a doubt whether one makes a bracha on [[Netilat Yadayim]] the morning after staying up all night. Similarly, the Rama (4:13) comments that one should do [[Netilat Yadayim]] without a bracha.
 
*The source of the Shulchan Aruch's doubt is the dispute for doing [[Netilat Yadayim]] in the morning. The Rosh ([[Brachot]] 9:23) says because one's hands are "עסקניות" (literally busy) and they may have touched an unclean part of the body during one's sleep, one is obligated to do [[Netilat Yadayim]] in the morning. To support to his view, that we wash our hands for cleanliness before [[prayer]], he quotes the pasuk from Tehilim 26:6 "אֶרְחַץ בְּנִקָּיוֹן כַּפָּי ". On the other hand, the Rashba (Teshuvat HaRashba 1:191) argues on the Rosh claiming that there is no source for the idea of the Rosh. Rather the reason is that we are purifying our hands for the whole day (theoretically even to cover washing before bread) and the reason that we do it specifically before [[Shacharit]] is that when we wake up in the morning it is as if we are created anew as it says in Eicha 3:23 חֲדָשִׁים לַבְּקָרִים רַבָּה אֱמוּנָתֶךָ.
*A practical difference (explained by the Bet Yosef 4:13) that emerges from this dispute would be the case of a person who did not go to sleep at night. According to the Rosh, since one did not go to sleep there is no doubt that as to whether a person touched an unclean area and so, there is no need for [[Netilat Yadayim]]. On the other hand, the Rashba holds that since we are created new everyday we need [[Netilat Yadayim]] even if one did not go to sleep that night. Another concern that compounds the doubt of the Shulchan Aruch is the aspect of רוח רעה that is mentioned by the Tur (4:1), taking that into consideration even according to the Rosh one should still need to do [[Netilat Yadayim]]. Though based on a quote from the Zohar (Vayishlach 169b), the Bet Yosef ({{ibid}}) argues that the issue of רוח רעה only applies to the nighttime.
*Rav Ovadiah (Chazon Ovadiah, [[Shavuot]], note 25) mentions that even though the Maharsham (3:126) holds that one even makes a bracha on [[Netilat Yadayim]] of [[Birkat Cohanim]] and going to the bathroom, we do not hold like the Maharsham in this Halacha.
*The Mishna Brurah (4:27) adds that if one indeed went to sleep and had a שינת קבע (a substantial sleep) on one's bed, then one makes [[Netilat Yadayim]] with a bracha.
</ref>
</ref>


==When to make the bracha==
==Someone Who Got Up in the Middle of the Night==
# The minhag is to make the Bracha of Al Netilat Yadiyim between washing and drying one’s hands. <Ref> S”A 158:11 writes that the Bracha of [[Netilat Yadayim]] is like most other Brachot that have to be made prior to completing the mitzvah. Therefore concludes S”A the practice is to rub one’s hands to clean them (so one can make the Bracha), then make the Bracha prior to washing. However, Mishna Brurah 158:41 writes that the minhag of the world is to make the Bracha after washing but before drying like the Rama writes is permissible. </ref>
# If a person wakes up in the middle of the night, wants to get up for some time and then go back to sleep, he should wash his hands without a bracha and then when one wakes up the second time to start his day he should wash with a bracha.<ref>Piskei Teshuvot 1:6 writes that it is preferable to wash when one wakes up the first time, however, one shouldn't recite a bracha since one is not ready to daven as in Beiur Halacha 4:1 s.v. Afilu. Halichot Shlomo ([[Tefillah]] pg 170) and Yalkut Yosef 4:25 agree. </ref> Some say if it's after [[Chatzot]] and he wants to learn or recite [[Tikkun Chatzot]], he should recite all Birkot HaShachar including Netilat Yadayim now, learn, and not recite them when he wakes up again later.<ref>Or Letzion 2:1:2</ref>
# If one forgot to make the Bracha of Al [[Netilat Yadayim]] before drying one’s hands, according to Ashekazim one is permitted to make a Bracha of [[Netilat Yadayim]] until one makes the Hamotzei. However, Sephardim hold that once one’s hands are totally dry one may not make the Bracha. <Ref> Rama 158:11 writes that if one forgot to make a Bracha before drying one’s hand one can make the Bracha after drying. Mishna Brurah 158:44 supports the Rama by saying that [[Netilat Yadayim]] is different than other Brachot and may be made after the mitzvah is completed. Mishna Brurah writes that even thgouh the Taz forbids making the Bracha after drying hands, since most achronim hold like the Rama one should act according to the Rama, but one should be careful to avoid such a situation. </ref>
# If one wakes up in the middle of the night and wants to take a drink, one should preferably wash one's hands first, but if this is too difficult one can just wipe one's hands on a blanket or one's clothing and then recite the bracha to have the drink.<ref>If someone wakes up in the middle of the night do they have to wash netilat yadayim? Eshel Avraham 4:1 s.v. mmori is lenient if one wakes up in the middle of the night to go to the bathroom that he doesn't have to wash netilat yadayim before walking 4 amot since one is planning on going back to sleep. Torat Yekutiel 1:1:2 writes that one can rely on the Eshel Avraham 4:1 even if it isn't an extenuating circumstance but someone with Yirat Hashem shouldn't be lenient unless it is an extenuating circumstance. Piskei Teshuvot 1:6 quotes this and suggests that the Mishna Brurah agrees that there's no obligation unless one is planning on staying up. However, the [http://www.hebrewbooks.org/pdfpager.aspx?req=20945&st=&pgnum=112 Zachor Lavraham 1:50], Kaf Hachaim 1:7 and 4:4, and Mishmeret Shalom 1:3 (all cited by Yabia Omer OC 4:2:13) argue with the Eshel Avraham.
==Interruptions (chatzita) Between the Hand and Water==
* Shulchan Aruch O.C. 4:23 writes that if a person went to sleep with pajamas he can recite brachot hashachar without first washing netilat yadayim. This is based on the Rosh Brachot 9:23, Rashba responsa 1:153, and Rambam Tefillah 7:3-4. Aruch Hashulchan 4:20 accepts Shulchan Aruch. However, the Birkei Yosef 4:8 argues that according to the Zohar 1:10b it is forbidden to recite brachot without netilat yadyaim since there's a ruach raah on one's hands. Shaarei Teshuva 4:30 and Mishna Brurah 4:61 cite the Zohar. Mishna Brurah 4:61 concludes that one should be strict if one has water. Or Letzion 2:1:8 writes that if it is difficult to do netilat yadayim it is permitted to make a bracha in order to drink without washing one's hands. He explains that one can rely on Shulchan Aruch in such a case. Yabia Omer O.C. 4:2 and Yalkut Yosef 4:24 agree. He explains that one should first rub one's hands against something that would clean them such as one's blanket before reciting the bracha. </ref>
#Anything that is considered an interruption between the body and water for tevilla is also for netilat yadayim. The two qualifications that would make it interrupt are that 1. that it covers most of the skin. 2. that it is something you don't want to always be there. <ref> Shulchan Aruch 161:1 based on gemara chullin 106b. </ref>
# If one gets up in the middle of the night and one can't wash one's hands with wash one shouldn't waste the time but can learn after he rubs them against something to clean them.<ref>Shulchan Aruch Harav Mehudra Tinyana 1:7 writes that one shouldn't be strict for the Zohar to learn before washing one's hands if it'll lead to bitul torah. Mishna Brurah 1:2 and Piksei Teshuvot 4:32 agree.</ref>
#Most poskim hold that a ring should be removed, <ref> Shulchan Aruch 161:3, Mishna Berura 161:17, Iggeros Chazon Ish 1:4. The Rama 161:3 adds that even thoguh some are meikil if the ring is loose, one should be machmir even though water could get through. Kaf Hachayim 161:32 says that if you have an expensive ring that you are afraid to remove, then you can first pour a [[Reviyit]] of water on the right hand where the ring is, then move the ring a little and pour again, but when you move the ring it has to be with a hand that’s already been washed. Rav Chaim Kanievsky (Daad Note 251 footnote 249 says that this requirement to remove the ring is only for washing for a meal, and therefore if the ring is loose you wouldn't need to remove it for the morning netilat yadayim. According to Mishnah Berurah 161:19, Aruch ha-Shulchan 161:6, and Shu"t Rivevos Ephraim Vol. 1 Siman 127 if someone doesn't remove their ring for anything, then they also wouldn't have to for netilat yadayim. </ref> but if a loose ting wasn't removed you don't need to repeat the washing. <ref> Mishna Berura 161:18 </ref>
# If a person woke up in the middle of the night to go to the bathroom or do work and is planning on going back to sleep if doing netilat yadayim at that time will wake up people in his house he can rely on those who are lenient not to wash as long as one is going to go back to sleep.<ref> Shraga Hameir 3:103 quotes poskim who are lenient such as the Eshel Avraham not to require netilat yadayim if one is planning on going back to sleep and he implies that one can be lenient if it'll wake up his wife. Piksei Teshuvot 1 fnt. 41 quotes this as a leniency and elaborates upon it.</ref>
#One should remove the dirt under his nails before washing his hands. <ref> Ben Ish Chai Kedoshim 24. Shulchan Aruch HaRav 161:4 and Kaf HaChaim 161:4 say that this is only for dirt that is bothersome to somebody and he would usually remove it. </ref>
 
# If a person has a something that cannot be removed covering his hand (a cast), he should wash the hand hand three times and make the beracha as usual. <ref> Yechave Daat 2:19, Kaf Hachayim 158:4. Aruch Hashulchan 163:2 says that the beracha should not be recited when only one hand is washed even if for a permissible reason. </ref>
==Someone Who Wakes Up Very Early==
 
#If one wakes up after [[Chatzot]], and one will still need to go to the bathroom before [[davening]], one should not make the bracha of Al [[Netilat Yadayim]] until after one went to the bathroom before davening. It should then be said together with [[Birchot HaShachar]], however, if one knows that one will not need to go to the bathroom before [[davening]], one should make the bracha of [[Netilat Yadayim]] as close as possible to [[waking up]] even before Olot Hashachar.<ref>Beiur Halacha 4:1 s.v. Afilu as ruling like the Chaye Adam, Ishei Yisrael 2:31, Dinei Nieyor Kol HaLaylah (pg 42), Halichot Olam 2:23, See Piskei Teshuvot 4:2 who writes that it is both legitimate to hold and practice like either the Chaye Adam or like the Mekubalim. </ref>
#If one washed with a bracha before [[Olot HaShachar]] (as described in previous halacha), one should wash again at [[Olot HaShachar]] without a bracha.<ref>Shulchan Aruch O.C. 4:14, Mishna Brurah 4:31, Yalkut Yosef 4:11, Ishei Yisrael 2:31, Zachor LAvraham 1:50 </ref>
#If one wakes up before [[Chatzot]], one should wash then without a bracha, and then after Olot Hashachar one should dirty one’s hands (by touching an unclean area, scratching one's head or by going to the bathroom) and then wash with a bracha.<ref>Beiur Halacha 4:13 s.v. Kol, Ishei Yisrael 2:32, Dinei Nieyor Kol HaLaylah (pg 41) </ref>
 
==When to Recite the Bracha==
 
#One should recite the bracha immediately after washing one's hands prior to drying them.<ref>Mishna Brurah 6:2 writes that one should recite the bracha prior to drying one's hands, however, some are strict to recite the bracha only after drying them. The Ben Ish Chai (Toldot no. 5) says that the Sephardi minhag is to recite the bracha prior to drying one's hands. Yalkut Yosef 4:19 and Kaf HaChaim 4:8 agree.</ref>
#Some have the custom to wait until going to shul to make the bracha of netilat yadayim. Sephardim do not have this minhag. In any case, one should not make the bracha twice, once upon both waking up and once going to shul.<ref>Shulchan Aruch 6:2 </ref>
 
==If There is Something on One's Hands==
See the [[Chatzitza for Netilat Yadayim]] page.
# Some say that the halachot of chatzitza are the same for Netilat Yadayim upon waking up as they are for Netilat Yadayim for a meal, while others hold that they are more lenient.<ref>Eshel Avraham 343:1 writes that there's not as much of an issue of chatzitza with the netilat yadayim when you wake up since one's hands aren't dirty in the area that was covered by a chatzitza. Dirshu 4:27 cites Shulchan Aruch Harav in the Siddur and Chazon Ish Igrot 1:4 who are strict to remove chatzitzot before netilat yadayim in the morning.</ref>
 
==Who Is Obligated==


==Who is Obligated==
# Women are equally obligated as men to wash [[Netilat Yadayim]] in the morning.<ref>Pri Megadim (M"Z 4:7), Mishna Brurah 4:10, Kaf Hachayim 4:20, Yalkut Yosef 4:15, and Halacha Brurah 4:21. Kaf HaChaim points out that in fact, women may have a greater obligation because they have more control over the purity of their houses since they prepare the food and feed the children. </ref>
# Women are equally obligated to wash netilat yadayim. <ref> Pri Megadim (M"Z 4:7), Mishna Brurah 4:10, Kaf Hachayim 4:20, and Halacha Brurah 4:21. Kaf HaChaim points out that in fact, women may have a greater obligation because they have more control over the purity of their houses since they prepare the food and feed the children. </ref>
{{Children Washing Netilat Yadayim upon Waking Up}}
# There is a difference of opinions when a child should be taught to wash his hands in the morning. Some say that a child of 5 or 6 should be taught, while others say that once the child is able to eat on his own should taught. <ref>
*Shulchan Aruch Harav 4:2, Eishel Avraham OC 4, and Rav Shlomo Zalman Auerbach in Halichot Shlomo 20:25 say that the obligation for children to wash begins at the age of chinuch for other mitzvot which is approximately 5 or 6.
*Mishna Berura 4:10 (based on Pri Megadim 7) says the obligation begins at the time when the child begins to eat on his own.
*Rav Yaakov Kamenetsky in Emet LeYacov 4:10 says that it begins when a child is old enough to say amen to a beracha or recite a pasuk in torah.
*The Kaf Hachayim 4:23 and Ben Ish Chai (Toldot #10) say that even a newborn's hands should be washed by his parents. See further [http://torah.org/advanced/weekly-halacha/5766/lechlecha.html Rabbi Neustadt at torah.org]</ref>


==References==
==Sources==
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[[Category:Netilat Yadayim]]
[[Category:Orach Chaim]]

Latest revision as of 21:32, 30 January 2024

Netilat Yadayim.jpg

Chazal established that upon waking up a person should wash his hands in the morning prior to davening Shacharit to clean his hands before praying, purify them of any hint of death that comes from sleeping, and prepare himself for holiness the way the Kohanim did in the Beit HaMikdash. The details of when and how it should be done are described below:

Reasons for Washing One's Hands

  1. One reason for netilat yadayim in the morning is that overnight one's hands certainly got dirty from touching one's body.[1]
  2. Another reason for netilat yadayim in the morning is to remove the negative spirits on our hands after having been recreated each day.[2]
  3. A third reason for netilat yadayim in the morning is to remove the negative spirits upon himself, which is a result of the element of death that descends upon a person when he sleeps.[3]

Procedure for Washing One's Hands

  1. One should wash with a cup or some sort of vessel.[4] If there is no cup available, according to Ashkenazim, if one is in an extenuating circumstance and wants to pray, one may wash without a cup with a bracha. According to Sephardim, if one washes without a cup, such as if one washes directly from the faucet, one should not recite a bracha.[5]
  2. One should wash up to one's wrists. If there is not enough water available, it is sufficient to wash up to one's major knuckles (where one's fingers connect to the hand).[6]
  3. One should wash one's right hand first, then one's left hand, and repeat this process two more times so that one washes each hand three times, while alternating hands in the process. Some say one should wash each hand four times.[7]
  4. Before pouring the water, the filled vessel should be picked up with the right hand and passed to the left hand.[8]
  5. Even a lefty should begin by washing his right hand first.[9]
  6. The water must enter in between the fingers, at least a little bit, otherwise it does not fulfill the requirement.[10]
  7. One who is obligated in netilat yadayim may receive assistance from one who is not obligated in netilat yadayim and still fulfill the obligation.[11]
  8. One may not derive benefit from the water that one washed one's hands with.[12]
  9. One should wash one's hands with a bracha in the middle even if one only slept after Chatzot.[13]
  10. As a rabbinic mitzvah one should intention for the mitzvah of netilat yadayim when washing one's hands.[14]

Netilat Yadayim in the Bathroom

  1. One shouldn't wash Netilat Yadayim in a bathroom unless there is no other option such as on an airplane, but they should say the bracha outside of the bathroom.[15]
  2. One may do netilat yadayim in a room which has a bath and no toilet.[16]

When Should One Wash One's Hands?

  1. One should wash one's hands immediately after one's recitation of Modeh Ani.[17]
  2. According to Ashkenazim, if one needs to go to the bathroom upon waking up and after going to the bathroom one will be ready for davening, one should wash without a bracha upon waking up and after having gone to the bathroom wash again with the bracha of Al Netilat Yadayim.[18]
  3. According to Ashkenazim, if after having gone to the bathroom one will still not be ready for davening and will have to go to the bathroom another time before davening (as is common when one wakes up a long time before davening), one should wash without a bracha upon waking up, wash a second time without a bracha after having gone to the bathroom the first time, and then wash a third time with a bracha of Al Netilat Yadayim when one is ready for davening after having gone to the bathroom a second time.[19]
    1. The above is the opinion of the Mishna Brurah and Rav Shlomo Zalman Auerbach. However, Rav Mordechai Willig holds that one does not need to wash before going to the bathroom and also that after having gone to the bathroom one should wash without a cup and without the bracha, and then when one is ready for davening one should wash again using a cup and make the bracha.[20]
  4. According to Sephardim,
    1. If one doesn't have an urgent need to go to the bathroom, it is permitted to get dressed, go to the bathroom, and then wash with the bracha of Al Netilat Yadayim. It is preferable to wash before getting dressed and going to the bathroom.[21]
    2. If one needs to go to the bathroom, especially if it is urgent, one should go to the bathroom before washing one's hands. [22]
    3. If one got up a while before davening and isn't going back to sleep should wash Netilat Yadayim with a bracha and say Birchot HaTorah.[23]

What Is Permissible before Washing Hands?

  1. It is permissible to say Modeh Ani before washing hands.[24]
  2. It is not permissible to learn Torah out load or to verbalize it before washing one's hands,[25] yet just thinking in Torah is allowed.[26] However, if one is going to miss the chance to make a bracha or answer amen one should just rub his hands against someone to clean them and say the bracha or answer amen. If one slept in pajamas it is unnecessary to even rub them in order to clean them.[27]
  3. One should wash one's hands before walking four amot.[28] However some are lenient in this regard.[29]
  4. If the water is further than 4 Amot away some say that it is better to walk less than 4 amot at a time, while others say it is better to go there quickly if it is still in the same house.[30]
    1. If a person sleeps in a bunkbed it is permissible to wash within 4 amot of the bed even if one will walk more than 4 amot going down the ladder and to the washing station.[31]
  5. It is permitted to get dressed prior to washing one’s hands.[32]
  6. It is preferable to be strict and not to walk more than 4 amot prior to Netilat Yadayim.[33]
  7. One should not touch any foods before washing one's hands. If one did unintentionally, the food should be washed three times. If this is impossible, one should preferably refrain from eating it. If necessary though, one can eat it without washing it, because according to the letter of the law, the food is permitted.[34]
  8. One can touch food by the use of a cloth intervening between one's hand and the food.[35]
  9. A person shouldn't touch sefarim before washing his hands.[36]
  10. A person should not touch one's mouth, nose, ears, or eyes before washing hands in the morning.[37] If possible one shouldn't even touch one's eyelids before washing Netilat Yadayim.[38]

When Does One Need to Wash Hands?

  1. Before Shacharit or Mincha (specifically the Shmoneh Esrei) one should wash hands if there was a long interruption from the time of the original washing upon rising.[39] If water is not available one does not need to wash one's hands, but only to rub them against something hard.[40]
  2. If one touched an unclean part of the body or went to the bathroom, one must search and find water to wash one's hands without a bracha for Shmoneh Esrei.[41]
  3. However, in order to say Brachot, Kriyat Shema, or learn Torah one does not need to wash one's hands.[42]
  4. If one slept in a bed during the day, one should wash Netilat Yadayim without a bracha.[43]

Someone Who Stayed up All Night

  1. If one slept less than 30 minutes [44] or slept in a temporary fashion (putting one’s head on a table,[45], or slept on a couch or chair) [46] one should wash without a bracha upon awakening.[47]
  2. If one stayed up all night, one should wash in the morning without a bracha.[48]

Someone Who Got Up in the Middle of the Night

  1. If a person wakes up in the middle of the night, wants to get up for some time and then go back to sleep, he should wash his hands without a bracha and then when one wakes up the second time to start his day he should wash with a bracha.[49] Some say if it's after Chatzot and he wants to learn or recite Tikkun Chatzot, he should recite all Birkot HaShachar including Netilat Yadayim now, learn, and not recite them when he wakes up again later.[50]
  2. If one wakes up in the middle of the night and wants to take a drink, one should preferably wash one's hands first, but if this is too difficult one can just wipe one's hands on a blanket or one's clothing and then recite the bracha to have the drink.[51]
  3. If one gets up in the middle of the night and one can't wash one's hands with wash one shouldn't waste the time but can learn after he rubs them against something to clean them.[52]
  4. If a person woke up in the middle of the night to go to the bathroom or do work and is planning on going back to sleep if doing netilat yadayim at that time will wake up people in his house he can rely on those who are lenient not to wash as long as one is going to go back to sleep.[53]

Someone Who Wakes Up Very Early

  1. If one wakes up after Chatzot, and one will still need to go to the bathroom before davening, one should not make the bracha of Al Netilat Yadayim until after one went to the bathroom before davening. It should then be said together with Birchot HaShachar, however, if one knows that one will not need to go to the bathroom before davening, one should make the bracha of Netilat Yadayim as close as possible to waking up even before Olot Hashachar.[54]
  2. If one washed with a bracha before Olot HaShachar (as described in previous halacha), one should wash again at Olot HaShachar without a bracha.[55]
  3. If one wakes up before Chatzot, one should wash then without a bracha, and then after Olot Hashachar one should dirty one’s hands (by touching an unclean area, scratching one's head or by going to the bathroom) and then wash with a bracha.[56]

When to Recite the Bracha

  1. One should recite the bracha immediately after washing one's hands prior to drying them.[57]
  2. Some have the custom to wait until going to shul to make the bracha of netilat yadayim. Sephardim do not have this minhag. In any case, one should not make the bracha twice, once upon both waking up and once going to shul.[58]

If There is Something on One's Hands

See the Chatzitza for Netilat Yadayim page.

  1. Some say that the halachot of chatzitza are the same for Netilat Yadayim upon waking up as they are for Netilat Yadayim for a meal, while others hold that they are more lenient.[59]

Who Is Obligated

  1. Women are equally obligated as men to wash Netilat Yadayim in the morning.[60]
  2. Children that have reached the age of chinuch should be trained to wash their hands upon rising in the morning and they should not touch food before washing hands.[61] Some say parents should try to wash the hands of their children, regardless of their age.[62]
  3. Children who have reached the age of chinuch should be trained to wash their hands after going to the bathroom [63] or touching parts of their body that are generally covered.[64]

Sources

  1. ↑ Rosh Brachot 9:23
  2. ↑ Rashba teshuva 1:191 writes that the reason for netilat yadayim in the morning isn't just because of the davening otherwise one should recite a bracha for netilat yadayim prior to mincha and arvit. Rather the reason is because a person is recreated each day and the the bracha was established like brachot hashachar. It represents preparing ourselves for kedusha just like the kohanim would wash their hands from the Kiyor in the Bet Hamikdash before doing avoda.
  3. ↑ Zohar Beresheet 184b cited by Bet Yosef 4:8
  4. ↑ Shulchan Aruch Orach Chaim 4:7, Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 2:4, Mishna Brurah 4:15, Kitzur Shulchan Aruch of Rav Mordechai Eliyahu 2:1. The Hagahot Mordechai Brachot 192, Ran Chullin 37b s.v. mipnei, Bet Yosef 4:7 based on Rosh, and Darkei Moshe 4:1 all write that a vessel isn't necessary for Netilat Yadayim in the morning. However, the Rashba teshuva 1:191 writes that a vessel is necessary.
  5. ↑ Rama 4:7, Mishna Brurah 4:16, and Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 2:6 hold that if there's no utensil available one can wash without it and recite a bracha. This is either based on the Ran Chullin 37b or the Rashba 1:191 according to the Dareki Moshe Haaruch. However, the Kiseh Eliyahu 4:3 and Tzemach Tzedek Lubavitch O.C. 1:1 argue with the Rama that the Rashba would hold that a vessel is critical and without it one can't recite a bracha. This is indeed implied by the Rashba 1:190 and 1:595 that the language of Al Netinat Yadayim implies that a vessel is necessary. Aruch Hashulchan 4:10, Rav Mordechai Eliyahu (comments on Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 2:9), Or LeTzion 2:1:5, Halacha Brurah 4:12, and Yalkut Yosef 4:1 agree that if one can't use a vessel one should wash without a bracha.
  6. ↑ Mishna Brurah 4:9 writes that one should wash up to one's wrists and if there happens not to be enough water, it is sufficient to wash up to one's knuckles. Kitzur Shulchan Aruch O.C. 2:3 agrees. Ben Ish Chai (Parashat Toldot #2) writes that one must wash until one's wrists except on Yom Kippur and Tisha BeAv when one may only wash up to one's knuckles.
  7. ↑ Mishna Brurah 4:9 cites the Gra that one should wash four times to remove the ruach raah water remaining on one's hands after washing three times.
  8. ↑ Shulchan Aruch O.C. 4:10, Ben Ish Hai, Toledot, Halacha 1; Kaf HaChaim 4:12
  9. ↑ Kaf HaChaim 4:35, Artzot HaChaim 4:10, Halacha Brurah 4:22, Mishna Brurah 4:22 explains that the lefty should also follow the practice of a righty since it is reflective of how the middah of Chesed should increase.
  10. ↑ Halichot Olam, Volume 1, Page 324. Hacham Ovadia Yosef writes that the beracha is considered levatala in a case where water does not enter in between fingers even slightly.
  11. ↑ Yalkut Yosef, page 48. Shulchan Aruch O.C. 159:13 says that even a monkey can help one fulfill the obligation of netilat yadayim.
  12. ↑ Shulchan Aruch O.C. 4:9, Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 2:4. See Biur Halacha 338:8 s.v. assur how it is still considered usable. Rav Ben Tzion Abba Shaul (Or Letzion 2:1:6) argues that nowadays we usually pour more than a reviit each time, so there is no ruach raah and one may recite berachot and learn Torah by the water.
  13. ↑ Ben Ish Chai (Shana Rishona, Toldot no. 16)
  14. ↑ Pri Megadim M"Z 4:15 writes that according to those who hold that there's no need for intention for rabbinic mitzvot then netilat yadayim doesn't need intention. According to those who hold that there is a need generally, potentially netilat yadayim shouldn't require intention since it is similar to tevilah which doesn't require intention (according to most, see Shulchan Aruch YD 198:48). However, the Pri Megadim distinguishes and says that only for optional mitzvot such as tevilah and shechita don't require kavana but netilat yadayim in the morning is an obligatory mitzvah and as such requires kavana. (This distinction of the Pri Megadim is highlighted by the Ramban Chullin 31b s.v. vha who says that mitzvot tzerichot kavana is for any obligatory mitzvah but not for a matir.) Yet, the Veyashev Hayam 1:2 (Rav Yakov Moshe Hillel) argues that it doesn't require kavana since it is less severe than tevilah and even tevilah doesn't require intention. This is relevant to the practice of the Chaye Adam (cited by Biur Halacha 4:1) to wash twice, once before going to the bathroom and once afterwards.
  15. ↑ Yabia Omer OC 3:1, [Rabbi Mansour www.dailyhalacha.com/m/halacha.aspx?id=2517], Mayan Omer v. 1 p. 25. Yabia Omer 4:5 permits netilat yadayim in a bathroom in the case of sha'at hadhak.
  16. ↑ Yabia Omer 7:27 explains that this is because these rooms are generally kept clean and used for storing items.
  17. ↑ Shulchan Aruch Orach Chaim 4:1
  18. ↑ Magen Avraham 4:1 quotes the Ketavim of the Arizal as saying that one should wash with the bracha and then go to the bathroom, however he disagrees and feels that it would be preferable to wash with a bracha after going to the bathroom. He adds that if one needs to go to the bathroom, then it is forbidden to wash with a bracha before going to the bathroom. The Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 2:7 and Mishna Brurah 4:4 agree with the Magen Avraham; one should wash with a bracha after going to the bathroom. They add that one should also wash without a bracha before going to the bathroom.
  19. ↑
    • If one is not going to be ready for davening after having gone to the bathroom the first time, the Beiur Halacha (4:1 s.v. Afliu) presents two opinions about when it is preferable to wash one's hands with the bracha of Al Netilat Yadayim. The Chaye Adam holds that it is preferable to wash without a bracha upon waking up and when one is ready for davening to wash again with the bracha, while the Shaarei Teshuva holds that one should wash with the bracha after going to the bathroom even if one is not totally ready for davening. The Beiur Halacha rules like the Chaye Adam that upon waking up one should wash without a bracha and when one is ready for davening to wash again with the bracha.
    • Rav Shlomo Zalman (quoted in Halichot Shlomo Tefilla 2:23, pg 23) rules like the Chaye Adam and states when one is washing one's hands after having gone to the bathroom in the morning and one knows that one will need to go to the bathroom again before davening, the first time one should wash without a bracha and after going to the bathroom the second time when one is ready for davening one should wash with the bracha. As long as one is ready for the beginning of davening even if one will go to the bathroom after Yishtabach it is still considered as though one did his netilat yadayim right before davening. Rav Nevinsal in Byitzchak Yikreh (Mishna Brurah 6:8) argues that one should wait to recite the bracha after he goes to the bathroom after yishtabach if he knows he's going to need to go.
  20. ↑ Rav Mordechai Willig in Am Mordechai (Brachot, Siman 11, pg 45-8) writes that one should go to the bathroom, wash without a cup three times, and then when one is ready for davening wash again with a cup and make the bracha of Al Netilat Yadayim.
  21. ↑ Yalkut Yosef (vol 1, pg 384, 4:40) writes that a person may get dressed and go to the bathroom before washing his hands. Those who are strict upon themselves to set up a cup of water near their bed to wash before going to the bathroom should be blessed. Rav Ovadia Yosef in Halichot Olam (v. 1, p. 32) disagrees with the Ben Ish Chai (Toldot #6) who says that one should not touch one's clothes before Netilat Yadayim and Rav Ovadya holds that it is permitted to get dressed and go to the bathroom before washing. This is quoted by Rabbi Mansour on dailyhalacha.com.
    • Yalkut Yosef (v. 1, p. 388) writes that it is a bad idea to wash before going to the bathroom and only recite the bracha afterwards since that means you're going to make the bracha after drying your hands, which is a major dispute in which the Rambam says one may not recite the bracha.
    • He also says that following the practice of the Mishna Brurah to wash upon waking up without a bracha and then again going to the bathroom with a bracha since it means that you might have been yotzei already with the first washing and if so, you're making the bracha after drying your hands. Halacha Brurah (v. 1, p. 55) agrees with Yalkut Yosef and added that his father, Rav Ovadia Yosef, washed after getting dressed and going to the bathroom all the time.
  22. ↑ Or LeTzion 2:1:3, Yalkut Yosef 4:40, and Halacha Brurah 4:4 write that if one needs to go to the bathroom, especially if it is urgent, one should first go to the bathroom and then wash one's hands with a bracha of Al Netilat Yadayim.
  23. ↑ Or Letzion (vol 2 chap 1 note 2) writes that if one is not going back to sleep one should make the Netilat Yadayim with a bracha right away.
  24. ↑ Eliya Zuta 1:2, Mishna Brurah 1:8, Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 1:2, Shulchan Aruch HaRav 1:5
  25. ↑ Mishna Brurah 1:8, Shulchan Aruch HaRav 1:5, Yalkut Yosef 4:27
  26. ↑ Piskei Teshuvot 4:32. This is also implied by Shulchan Aruch HaRav 1:5.
  27. ↑ Yalkut Yosef 4:27. A similar idea is found in Eliyah Rabba 227:6, Mishna Brurah 227:10.
  28. ↑ Mishna Brurah 1:1, Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 2:1. See also Piskei Teshuvot 1:7 who writes that the minhag is that one should wash one's hands even before putting one's feet on the ground.
  29. ↑ BeYitzchak Yikrah 1:2 comments that the tradition from the Gra that the Ruach Rah on hands was nullified with the death of Rabbi Avraham the Ger applies only to laws of the Zohar and not the Talmud Bavli and since this law is sourced in the Zohar, there is reason to be lenient. Rabbi Yitzchak Abadi (Or Yitzchak 1:1) writes that Rav Aharon Kotler wasn't careful about washing within 4 amot of waking up and goes on to defend such a position.
  30. ↑ Mishna Brurah 1:2
  31. ↑ Chelkat Yakov OC 1:1
  32. ↑ Yalkut Yosef (vol 1 pg 7), Sh”t Yabia Omer 5:1, Sh”t Otzrot Yosef 1:1
  33. ↑ The Tolat Yacov (Seder Netilat Yadayim) quotes the Zohar saying that it is forbidden to walk 4 amot prior to washing Netilat Yadayim. (1) The Bach (beginning of 4) writes that S”A did not quote the Zohar because many people would not be able to fulfill the law. Sh”t Shevut Yaakov 3:1 defends the minhag by saying that either the entire law of the Zohar is not applicable since the Talmud Balvi argues on it, or that the entire house is considered within 4 amot. The Eliyah Rabba 1:4 argues on the Shevut Yaakov but defends the minhag by saying that perhaps the law does not apply nowadays. The Lechem Mishneh (Shevitat Esor 3:12) and Yam Shel Shlomo (Chullin 31)agree. (2) On the other hand the Chida (Birkei Yosef 1:1) writes that it is a serious Halacha, most people are strict about, therefore if the water is far away one should walk less than 4 amot at a time to get the water. So writes the Shalmei Tzibbur 18c, Chesed LeAlaphim 4:12, Ruach Chaim 4:1, and Petach Dvir 4:1. However, the Shaarei Teshuva 1:2 and Siddur Bet Ovad 6:3 argue that if the water is far away one should rush to get to the water as soon as one can. (3) In conclusion, Sh”t Otzrot Yosef 1:2 writes in the name of Rav Ovadyah Yosef that in cases of need, one may rely on the lenient opinions especially if one went to sleep after Chatzot. So too, Mishna Brurah 1:2 writes that one may rely on the Shevut Yaakov (that a house is like 4 amot) in cases of great need. Rav Mordechai Lebhar (Magen Avot, Orach Chaim 4:18) writes that many are lenient to assume that the whole house is like one's four amot, but scrupulous individuals are careful about this.
  34. ↑ Mishna Brurah 4:14, Yalkut Yosef 4:35, Yabia Omer OC 4:1, Otzrot Yosef 1:10, Or LeTzion 2:1:4.
    • Bet Yosef 4:5 clarifies that according to Rashi and Tur there's no issue with someone who didn't wash netilat yadayim to touch food and that's his opinion in Shulchan Aruch 4:5. However, the Bach 4:2, Taz 4:4, and Biur Hagra 4:4 argue with the Bet Yosef's understanding and say that someone who didn't wash netilat yadyaim should be very careful not to touch food.
    • Chaye Adam 2:2 writes that one posek who was strict on food even after the fact. The Chaye Adam distinguishes between beer and other food and only beer is forbidden after the fact. However, Yabia Omer OC 4:1 cites the Tosefet Maaseh Rav n. 25 who quotes a story of the Gra where he said that they should throw out an apple that was touched before Netilat Yadayim after sleeping. This story indicates that there's no distinction between beer and other foods.
  35. ↑ Chaye Adam 2:2 cited by Yabia Omer 4:1
  36. ↑ Yalkut Yosef 4:33
  37. ↑ Shulchan Aruch 4:3. Halacha Brurah 4:23 says we're machmir not to even touch these areas even just the skin on the outside.
  38. ↑ Mishna Brurah 4:12 writes that if possible one shouldn't even touch one's eyelids before washing Netilat Yadayim. The Chida in Shiurei Bracha 4:3 writes that although the Yavetz was lenient about touching the eyelids he is incorrect. The Sefer Chasidim 155 implies that it is an issue.
  39. ↑ Shulchan Aruch 92:5 writes that if there was an interruption between the washing upon rising in the morning and praying, one should wash one's hands if water is available. This is brought down in Yalkut Yosef (Tefilah pg 330).
  40. ↑ Mishna Brurah 92:26 writes that since one cannot find water for Stam hands (they are in doubt as to their cleanliness) one does not need to wash them, but should rub them against that which cleanses them.
  41. ↑ Mishna Brurah 92:27 writes that this applies only if one has Stam hands(they are in doubt as to their cleanliness). Shulchan Aruch is lenient and states one does not have to search for water if it is not around, however if there is a certain impurity such as if one touched an unclean area or went to the bathroom, one certainly must wash hands. Kaf Hachayim 4:86 writes that if one is in the middle of the Shmoneh Esrei and one realizes one touched something that would obligate one to wash, one should just wipe one's hands on "midi diminakei" such as one's clothes, wood, or stone.
  42. ↑ Mishna Brurah 92:25 writes that implied in the Shulchan Aruch is, that not only does Shmoneh Esrei require clean hands, but for learning Torah, Kriyat Shema or Brachot Stam hands (they are in doubt, they are not certainly clean or unclean) are sufficient. However, Mishna Brurah also quotes the Pri Megadim 4, who writes that Kriyat Shema does need washed hands.
  43. ↑ Halacha Brurah 4:47
  44. ↑ Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 2:8, Or Letzion 2:1:7, Dinei Nieyor Kol HaLaylah (pg 42) in name of Rav Chaim Kanievsky
  45. ↑ Ishei Yisrael 2:33 note 110, Piskei Teshuvot
  46. ↑ Halacha Brurah 4:47
  47. ↑ Mishna Brurah 4:27, Ishei Yisrael 2:33, Birkei Yosef 4:5
  48. ↑ The Shulchan Aruch Orach Chaim 4:13 writes that there is a doubt whether one makes a bracha on Netilat Yadayim the morning after staying up all night. Similarly, the Rama (4:13) comments that one should do Netilat Yadayim without a bracha.
    • The source of the Shulchan Aruch's doubt is the dispute for doing Netilat Yadayim in the morning. The Rosh (Brachot 9:23) says because one's hands are "עסקניות" (literally busy) and they may have touched an unclean part of the body during one's sleep, one is obligated to do Netilat Yadayim in the morning. To support to his view, that we wash our hands for cleanliness before prayer, he quotes the pasuk from Tehilim 26:6 "אֶרְחַץ בְּנִקָּיוֹן כַּפָּי ". On the other hand, the Rashba (Teshuvat HaRashba 1:191) argues on the Rosh claiming that there is no source for the idea of the Rosh. Rather the reason is that we are purifying our hands for the whole day (theoretically even to cover washing before bread) and the reason that we do it specifically before Shacharit is that when we wake up in the morning it is as if we are created anew as it says in Eicha 3:23 חֲדָשִׁים לַבְּקָרִים רַבָּה אֱמוּנָתֶךָ.
    • A practical difference (explained by the Bet Yosef 4:13) that emerges from this dispute would be the case of a person who did not go to sleep at night. According to the Rosh, since one did not go to sleep there is no doubt that as to whether a person touched an unclean area and so, there is no need for Netilat Yadayim. On the other hand, the Rashba holds that since we are created new everyday we need Netilat Yadayim even if one did not go to sleep that night. Another concern that compounds the doubt of the Shulchan Aruch is the aspect of רוח רעה that is mentioned by the Tur (4:1), taking that into consideration even according to the Rosh one should still need to do Netilat Yadayim. Though based on a quote from the Zohar (Vayishlach 169b), the Bet Yosef ( Ibid) argues that the issue of רוח רעה only applies to the nighttime.
    • Rav Ovadiah (Chazon Ovadiah, Shavuot, note 25) mentions that even though the Maharsham (3:126) holds that one even makes a bracha on Netilat Yadayim of Birkat Cohanim and going to the bathroom, we do not hold like the Maharsham in this Halacha.
    • The Mishna Brurah (4:27) adds that if one indeed went to sleep and had a שינת קבע (a substantial sleep) on one's bed, then one makes Netilat Yadayim with a bracha.
  49. ↑ Piskei Teshuvot 1:6 writes that it is preferable to wash when one wakes up the first time, however, one shouldn't recite a bracha since one is not ready to daven as in Beiur Halacha 4:1 s.v. Afilu. Halichot Shlomo (Tefillah pg 170) and Yalkut Yosef 4:25 agree.
  50. ↑ Or Letzion 2:1:2
  51. ↑ If someone wakes up in the middle of the night do they have to wash netilat yadayim? Eshel Avraham 4:1 s.v. mmori is lenient if one wakes up in the middle of the night to go to the bathroom that he doesn't have to wash netilat yadayim before walking 4 amot since one is planning on going back to sleep. Torat Yekutiel 1:1:2 writes that one can rely on the Eshel Avraham 4:1 even if it isn't an extenuating circumstance but someone with Yirat Hashem shouldn't be lenient unless it is an extenuating circumstance. Piskei Teshuvot 1:6 quotes this and suggests that the Mishna Brurah agrees that there's no obligation unless one is planning on staying up. However, the Zachor Lavraham 1:50, Kaf Hachaim 1:7 and 4:4, and Mishmeret Shalom 1:3 (all cited by Yabia Omer OC 4:2:13) argue with the Eshel Avraham.
    • Shulchan Aruch O.C. 4:23 writes that if a person went to sleep with pajamas he can recite brachot hashachar without first washing netilat yadayim. This is based on the Rosh Brachot 9:23, Rashba responsa 1:153, and Rambam Tefillah 7:3-4. Aruch Hashulchan 4:20 accepts Shulchan Aruch. However, the Birkei Yosef 4:8 argues that according to the Zohar 1:10b it is forbidden to recite brachot without netilat yadyaim since there's a ruach raah on one's hands. Shaarei Teshuva 4:30 and Mishna Brurah 4:61 cite the Zohar. Mishna Brurah 4:61 concludes that one should be strict if one has water. Or Letzion 2:1:8 writes that if it is difficult to do netilat yadayim it is permitted to make a bracha in order to drink without washing one's hands. He explains that one can rely on Shulchan Aruch in such a case. Yabia Omer O.C. 4:2 and Yalkut Yosef 4:24 agree. He explains that one should first rub one's hands against something that would clean them such as one's blanket before reciting the bracha.
  52. ↑ Shulchan Aruch Harav Mehudra Tinyana 1:7 writes that one shouldn't be strict for the Zohar to learn before washing one's hands if it'll lead to bitul torah. Mishna Brurah 1:2 and Piksei Teshuvot 4:32 agree.
  53. ↑ Shraga Hameir 3:103 quotes poskim who are lenient such as the Eshel Avraham not to require netilat yadayim if one is planning on going back to sleep and he implies that one can be lenient if it'll wake up his wife. Piksei Teshuvot 1 fnt. 41 quotes this as a leniency and elaborates upon it.
  54. ↑ Beiur Halacha 4:1 s.v. Afilu as ruling like the Chaye Adam, Ishei Yisrael 2:31, Dinei Nieyor Kol HaLaylah (pg 42), Halichot Olam 2:23, See Piskei Teshuvot 4:2 who writes that it is both legitimate to hold and practice like either the Chaye Adam or like the Mekubalim.
  55. ↑ Shulchan Aruch O.C. 4:14, Mishna Brurah 4:31, Yalkut Yosef 4:11, Ishei Yisrael 2:31, Zachor LAvraham 1:50
  56. ↑ Beiur Halacha 4:13 s.v. Kol, Ishei Yisrael 2:32, Dinei Nieyor Kol HaLaylah (pg 41)
  57. ↑ Mishna Brurah 6:2 writes that one should recite the bracha prior to drying one's hands, however, some are strict to recite the bracha only after drying them. The Ben Ish Chai (Toldot no. 5) says that the Sephardi minhag is to recite the bracha prior to drying one's hands. Yalkut Yosef 4:19 and Kaf HaChaim 4:8 agree.
  58. ↑ Shulchan Aruch 6:2
  59. ↑ Eshel Avraham 343:1 writes that there's not as much of an issue of chatzitza with the netilat yadayim when you wake up since one's hands aren't dirty in the area that was covered by a chatzitza. Dirshu 4:27 cites Shulchan Aruch Harav in the Siddur and Chazon Ish Igrot 1:4 who are strict to remove chatzitzot before netilat yadayim in the morning.
  60. ↑ Pri Megadim (M"Z 4:7), Mishna Brurah 4:10, Kaf Hachayim 4:20, Yalkut Yosef 4:15, and Halacha Brurah 4:21. Kaf HaChaim points out that in fact, women may have a greater obligation because they have more control over the purity of their houses since they prepare the food and feed the children.
  61. ↑ Rav Simcha Bunim Cohen (Children in Halacha page 14), Shulchan Aruch haRav 4:2.
    • Rav Shlomo Zalman Auerbach in Halichot Shlomo 20:25 say that the obligation for children to wash begins at the age of chinuch as for other mitzvot which is approximately 5 or 6.
    • Mishna Brura 4:10 says that one should be careful with young children, and doesn't clarify if this is only once they reach the age of chinuch (he only says they should be careful because they touch food)
  62. ↑ Shulchan Aruch haRav 4:2 says one should be careful starting after the brit milah to wash his son's hands. The Kaf Hachayim 4:23 and Ben Ish Chai (Toldot #10) say that even a newborn's hands should be washed by their parents.
    • The Chazon Ish (cited by Daat Noteh p. 141, Dirshu 4:23) is strict as long as the baby is old enough to touch something. See further Rabbi Neustadt at torah.org
    • Shu"t Tzitz Eliezer 7:2:10 says there is no obligation before the age of chinuch, but to get the child into a good habit, it is advisable to wash his hands even before the age of chinuch. However, do not put pressure on the child, but do it pleasantly as there is no issue if they touch food. Similarly, Halichos Bas Yisroel perek 1 footnote 22 quotes in the name of Rav Moshe Feinstein that although it is not required, it is a good idea to wash the hands of your children even before the age of chinuch. Yalkut Yosef Dinei Chinuch Katan pg. 23 agrees that it is a good idea to begin before the age of chinuch to raise the children with purity.
    • Rav Yaakov Kamenetsky in Emet LeYacov 4:10 says that it begins when a child is old enough to say amen to a bracha or recite a pasuk in Torah.
  63. ↑ Rav Simcha Bunim Cohen (Children in Halacha page 15), Chinuch Yisroel page 63, Yalkut Yosef Dinei Chinuch Katan pg. 25
  64. ↑ Rav Simcha Bunim Cohen (Children in Halacha page 15), Chinuch Yisroel page 63
    Shu"t Tzitz Eliezer 7:2:4 says one can still learn with a child who touches their scalp or shoes.
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