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# In commemoration of the miracle that Hashem saved the firstborn Jews from the plague of the firstborn, the firstborns fast on Tanit Bechorot, which is on Erev [[Pesach]]. <Ref>Mishna Brurah 470:1, Kaf HaChaim 470:1, Tur 470:1. The original source for this fast is Masechet Sofrim 21:3. Kaf Hachayim 470:30 explains that even though the miracle happened on the fifteen we fast on the fourteenth because we don't fat on [[yom tov]]. </ref>
# In commemoration of the miracle that Hashem saved the firstborn Jews from the plague of the firstborn, the firstborns fast on Tanit Bechorot, which is on Erev [[Pesach]]. <Ref>Mishna Brurah 470:1, Kaf HaChaim 470:1, Tur 470:1. The original source for this fast is Masechet Sofrim 21:3. Kaf Hachayim 470:30 explains that even though the miracle happened on the fifteen we fast on the fourteenth because we don't fat on [[yom tov]]. </ref>
==Which firstborns are obligated to fast?==
==Which firstborns are obligated to fast?==
# A firstborn of one’s mother or the firstborn of one’s father (or both) should fast on Erev [[Pesach]]. <Ref>S”A 470:1 </ref> The reason is that Hashem killed both the firstborns of the father and of the mother in Egypt. <ref>Mishna Brurah 470:2, Kaf Hachayim 470:2. </ref>
# A firstborn of one’s mother or the firstborn of one’s father (or both) should fast on Erev [[Pesach]].<Ref>Shulchan Aruch O.C. 470:1 </ref> The reason is that Hashem killed both the firstborns of the father and of the mother in Egypt. <ref>Mishna Brurah 470:2, Kaf Hachayim 470:2. </ref>
# Even a Levi or Cohen should fast. <Ref>Mishna Brurah 470:2 </ref>
# Even a Levi or Cohen should fast.<Ref>Mishna Brurah 470:2 </ref>
# A groom within 7 days of the wedding doesn’t have to fast on Tanit Bechorot. <Ref>Kovetz MeBet Levi (Nissan 5761 pg 86). Rav Ovadia Yosef in Yabia Omer 1:25 says he should try to participate in a seudat mitzva. </ref>
# A groom within 7 days of the wedding doesn’t have to fast on Tanit Bechorot.<Ref>Kovetz MeBet Levi (Nissan 5761 pg 86). Rav Ovadia Yosef in Yabia Omer 1:25 says he should try to participate in a seudat mitzva. </ref>
 
# A firstborn born through a caesarian section or firstborn after a miscarriage should also fast.<Ref>Guide to Practical Halacha (v. 5 p. 142 n. 4-5) quoting the Debrecener</ref>
===Women===
===Women===
# The ashkenaz minhag is that women don’t fast. <Ref>Rama 470:1, Mishna Brurah 470:4 </ref> However, Sephardic women who are firstborn should try to join in a Suedat Mitzvah in order to break the fast if possible. <Ref>S”A 470:1, Sh”t Yechave Daat 3:25, Sh”t Yabia Omer 4:42. However, see Kaf HaChaim 470:17 quotes Chida (Machazik Beracha 470:2 and Ben Ish Chai (Parashat Tzav) that the sephardic minhag is to follow Rama. </ref> Even for those who the custom is for women to fast, if the woman is pregnant or nursing she shouldn't fast. <ref> Mishna Brurah 470:9, Kaf Hachayim 470:15 and 21. </ref>  
# The Ashkenazic minhag is that women don’t fast. <Ref>Rama 470:1, Mishna Brurah 470:4 </ref> This is also the Sephardic minhag.<ref> Although Shulchan Aruch O.C. 470:1 holds that women firstborns should fast Tanit Bechorot and Rav Ovadia Yosef in Sh”t Yechave Daat 3:25 and Sh”t Yabia Omer 4:42 upheld that minhag, nonetheless, in Chazon Ovadia Pesach p. 207-8 he concluded that it wasn't the minhag today. Rav Shlomo Amar in Haggadah Myamim Yamim agrees. Kaf HaChaim 470:17 quotes the Chida (Machazik Beracha 470:2) and Ben Ish Chai (Parashat Tzav) that the Sephardic minhag is to follow the Rama that women do not fast Tanit Bechorot. </ref> Even for those who the custom is for women to fast, if the woman is pregnant or nursing she shouldn't fast. <ref> Mishna Brurah 470:9, Kaf Hachayim 470:15 and 21. </ref>


===Children===
===Children===
# A father should fast in place of his son who is a firstborn but is under [[Bar Mitzvah]]. According to the minhag to listen to a Siyum, the father should go to the Siyum in place of his son. <Ref>Rama 470:2, Piskei Teshuvot 470:6, Yosef Daat (Dinei [[Chinuch]] 16:3) </ref>
# A father should fast in place of his son who is a firstborn but is under [[Bar Mitzvah]]. According to the minhag to listen to a Siyum, the father should go to the Siyum in place of his son. <Ref>Rama 470:2, Piskei Teshuvot 470:6, Yalkut Yosef 470:19, Yosef Daat (Dinei [[Chinuch]] 16:3) </ref>
# The Rama writes that if the father is a firstborn, the mother should fast for her firstborn son who is under [[Bar Mitzvah]]. <ref>Rama 470:2</ref> However, the Mishna Brurah quotes some poskim who say that the father's fast counts for the son as well. Therefore, the Mishna Brurah allows a mother to be lenient if she is in pain. <ref> Mishna Brurah 470:9 </ref>
# If the firstborn child isn't yet 30 days old the father doesn't have to fast or listen to a siyum but if it is possible to do so he should.<ref>Yalkut Yosef 470:19</ref>
# The Rama writes that if the father is a firstborn, the mother should fast for her firstborn son who is under [[Bar Mitzvah]].<ref>Rama 470:2</ref> However, the Mishna Brurah quotes some poskim who say that the father's fast counts for the son as well. Therefore, the Mishna Brurah allows a mother to be lenient if she is in pain. <ref> Mishna Brurah 470:9 </ref>
# The Aruch HaShulchan writes that we no longer have the minhag that a parent should fast for a firstborn son who is under [[Bar Mitzvah]]. <ref>Aruch HaShulchan 470:4</ref>
# The Aruch HaShulchan writes that we no longer have the minhag that a parent should fast for a firstborn son who is under [[Bar Mitzvah]]. <ref>Aruch HaShulchan 470:4</ref>
#If the father is a firstborn and also has a young son who is a firstborn, it is sufficient for the father to hear a siyum for both of them.<ref>[https://images.shulcloud.com/709/uploads/YoungIsraelofWoodmerePesachHalachaBooklet.pdf Rav Hershel Schachter (YIW Packet)] held that it is sufficient for the father to hear the siyum for himself since it is a stringency anyway for the son to have to hear the siyum. He said that is the minhag unlike the Nitai Gavriel 2:42:5 quoting the Beer Moshe who held that it is necessary for the father to listen to a siyum for himself and the mother to hear a siyum for herself.</ref>


==Those who are unable to fast==
==Those who are unable to fast==
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# If someone will only be able to eat a very small amount because of the fast and won’t be able to fulfill the mitzvot of [[Matzah]] and 4 cups of wine, one shouldn’t fast. Nevertheless, it is preferable that he just have snacks and not a meal. <Ref>Mishna Brurah 470:2 </ref>
# If someone will only be able to eat a very small amount because of the fast and won’t be able to fulfill the mitzvot of [[Matzah]] and 4 cups of wine, one shouldn’t fast. Nevertheless, it is preferable that he just have snacks and not a meal. <Ref>Mishna Brurah 470:2 </ref>
==Tanit Bechorim on Friday and Shabbat==
==Tanit Bechorim on Friday and Shabbat==
# If Erev [[Pesach]] falls out on [[Shabbat]], some say that one is not obligated to fast, while others say that one should fast on Thursday. The minhag follows the latter opinion. <Ref>S”A and Rama 470:2</ref> The minhag is to do a Siyum on Thursday and exempt oneself from the fast <Ref>Sh”t Igrot Moshe 4:69 writes that it’s sufficient to make a Siyum on Thursday and Piskei Teshuvot 470:4 writes that such is the minhag. Sh"t Yachava Daat 1:91, Chazon Ovadyah [[Pesach]] pg 100, and Or Letzion 3:12(2) write that even though the strict law is that the firstborns are exempt it's preferable that they join in a Siyum. See Birkei Yosef 470:2 who quotes the Meiri who says that if Erev [[Pesach]] is on [[Shabbat]], one should fast Tanit Bechorot on Friday. </ref>, even those who fast Tanit Bechorot regular years. <Ref> Sh”t Elef Lecha Shlomo 1:386,  </ref> Some say it’s preferable to make a Siyum on Friday in addition to the one on Thursday. <Ref>Sh”t Teshuvot Vehanhagot 2:111, Sh”t Mishneh Halachot 7:65, Orchot Rabbenu (vol 2 pg 57) </ref>
{{Tanit Bechorot on Shabbat}}
# If Erev [[Pesach]] falls out on Friday, the fast should take place on that day. <ref>Mishna Brurah 470:5, Chazon Ovadyah [[Pesach]] pg 101 (5763 edition, pg 117) </ref>
# If Erev [[Pesach]] falls out on Friday, the fast should take place on that day. <ref>Mishna Brurah 470:5, Chazon Ovadyah [[Pesach]] pg 101 (5763 edition, pg 117) </ref>
==Minhag to join a Siyum==
==Minhag to join a Siyum==
# Many are lenient to join in a Siyum and to hear the end of the Masechet and the Siyum and then join for the Seudat Mitzvah and break the fast the rest of the day. <ref>Yalkut Yosef, 470:16, Mishna Brurah 470:10, Piskei Teshuvot 470:6, 8 based on Igrot Moshe 4:49, Maharsham 215, Ben Ish Chai Tzav 25, Kaf Hachayim 470:10 and Aruch HaShulchan 470:5</ref>
''See the [[Siyum Masechet]] page for more details''
# Some say that it’s critical to understand the last piece of Gemara to join for the Siyum, however, the minhag is to be lenient in any circumstance. <Ref>Piskei Teshuvot 470:10 </ref> Some say that one only has to participate in some of the learning, maybe by hearing the rabbi speaks words of mussar. </ref> [http://www.dailyhalacha.com/Display.asp?ClipDate=3/20/2013 Rabbi Eli Mansour Dailyhalacha] </ref>
 
# Preferably, after hearing the Siyum one should eat a [[KeBaytzah]] of [[Mezonot]] or bread as a meal for the Siyum. Some are lenient and allow one to break the fast after hearing a Siyum without eating there. <Ref>Piskei Teshuvot 470:11, Halichot Shlomo 8:1 </ref>
{{Siyum_on_Erev_Pesach}}
# If one learned an entire Maasechet except for one paragraph, it’s sufficient for a Siyum. <Ref>Halichot Shlomo 8:2 </ref>
 
# It is not necessary to study the entire masechet in order. <ref> Yalkut Yosef 470:20 </ref>
==Links==
# If a woman finishes a complete masechet she still cannot absolve the first borns from the fast. <ref> [http://www.dailyhalacha.com/Display.asp?ClipDate=3/20/2013 Rabbi Eli Mansour Dailyhalacha] </ref>
* [http://www.hebrewbooks.org/54541 Yalkut Yosef Hilchot Pesach vol. 1 (Hebrew, 5775)]
# If someone studies through one of the books of the holy Zohar, it is considered an act of genuine Torah study even if he does not understand any of the mystical meanings of the passages. Celebrating the completion of these books is sufficient to exempt a firstborn from fasting on the 14th of Nissan. <ref> Yalkut Yosef 470:19 </ref>
# A firstborn who is within a year of [[mourning]] for his father or mother may nevertheless attend the celebration of the completion of a masechet on the 14th of Nissan to exempt himself from fasting. <ref> Yalkut Yosef 470:24 </ref>
# Likewise, someone within the thirty-day [[mourning]] period for another immediate relative may attend such a celebration as well. <ref> Yalkut Yosef 470:24 </ref>
# However, someone within the seven-day [[mourning]] period may not attend such a celebration. If he is weak and fasting through the day would adversely affect his ability to perform the mitzvot of the seder night, he may redeem himself from the fast by giving some money to [[charity]]. <ref> Yalkut Yosef 470:24 </ref>
==Sources==
==Sources==
<references/>
<references/>
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[[Category:Pesach]]
[[Category:Pesach]]
[[Category:Holidays]]
[[Category:Holidays]]
{{Pesach}}
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