Seudat Purim and Respecting the Sanctity of the Shul: Difference between pages

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[[Image:Seudat_Purim.png|right|200px]]
Regarding building, selling, dismantling a Shul building see [[Halachot_of_the_Building_of_the_Shul]]
One should increase in festivities on [[Purim]]. There is mitzvah to eat one meal on the day of [[Purim]]. <Ref>Rama and S”A 695:1 </ref> Below are the details of the meal of [[Purim]].
==Appropriate Mind-frame for Shul==
==Practices of Seudat Purim==
# One should not be involved in light-headedness, frivolity, idle chatter, eating, or drinking in a Shul.<Ref>Shulchan Aruch 151:1</ref>
# When one has the [[Seudah]], one should have intent that one is eating the meal in order to fulfill the mitzvah of Seudat [[Purim]].<ref> Shulchan Aruch 60:4 rules like the Rishonim who say that Mitzvot need kavana. Mishna Brurah 60:9 quotes the Gra who says that mitzvot derabbanan also need kavana, while the Magen Avraham disagrees. It’s clear from S”A 696:7 that eating Seudat [[Purim]] is MeDivrei Kabbalah (which in some respects is similar to a Deoritta). Therefore, Pri Megadim (M”Z 695:1) writes that one should have intent that one is eating the meal to fulfill the mitzvah of Seudat [[Purim]]. Mishna Brurah 695:4 quotes this as halacha. </ref>
# One should not lounge around or adorn oneself in the Shul. <Ref>Shulchan Aruch 151:1</ref>
# The meal should be eaten with friends and family. <Ref> Eliyah Rabba 695:4 writes that the meal should be eaten with family and friends in order to have Simcha. Mishna Brurah 695:9 quotes this and adds that it should be a Simcha of Torah. See Gemara [[Shabbat]] 88a which says that [[Purim]] was a Kabbalah MeAhava of the Torah. </ref>
==Exceptions==
# It is improper to fast on [[Purim]] unless it is a fast for a nightmare. <ref> Rama 695:2 </ref>
==When should one eat Seudat Purim?==
# Many Ashkenazim have the minhag to eat the meal after [[mincha]], while many Sephardim have the minhag to eat the meal in the morning.<ref>
* Rama 695:2 writes that the minhag is to eat the meal after [[mincha]], but one should ensure that majority of the meal is eaten during the day. Rabbi Willig (“Practical Laws of Observance of [[Purim]]”, min 41-2) explained that the Rama means that the primary parts of the meal such as the bread, meat, and wine should be consumed during the day. Shalmei Todah (pg 317) also explains the Rama this way.
* However, the Maaseh Rav of the Gra (#248) recommends eating it in the morning. Kaf HaChaim 695:23 quotes kabbalistic reasons for eating Seudat [[Purim]] in the morning. </ref>Some have a minhag to eat a small meal the night of [[Purim]]. <Ref> S”A 695:1 writes that one doesn’t fulfill one’s obligation by eating a nighttime meal. The Rama adds that at night one should have a small meal. Pri Megadim E”A 695:6 presents different minhagim about having meat at the nighttime meal. </ref>
# The mitzvah of Seudat [[Purim]] is during the day and not the night, yet one should have simcha and a small meal at night (and make the meal of the day greater). <Ref>S”A and Rama 695:1, Mishna Brurah 695:3 </ref> If [[Purim]] falls out on Motzei [[Shabbat]] and Sunday, having [[Seudat Shelishit]] isn’t considered as having a small meal during the night of [[Purim]]. Rather, one should have a special meal for the sake of [[Purim]]. <Ref>Mishna Brurah 695:3 </ref>
# If one began the meal on [[Purim]] and ate past nightfall, one should still mention Al HaNissim in [[Birkat HaMazon]] <Ref>S”A and Rama 695:3 </ref> unless one already said [[Maariv]], in which case one shouldn’t say Al HaNissim.  Some say that one can say it even after [[davening]] [[Maariv]]. <ref>Mishna Brurah 695:16 </ref>
==What should one eat at Seudat Purim?==
# Many poskim hold that one should eat bread and meat in the meal.<ref>
* Rambam [[Megillah]] 2:15 writes that the meal should consist of meat and wine. The Magen Avraham 696:15 questions the need for meat. Nonetheless, many poskim including Kaf HaChaim 695:6, Chazon Ovadyah pg 173, and Nitei Gavriel 71:3 agree that one should have meat. Shaar HaTziyun 695:12 implies it’s an obligation. Kovetz MeBet Levi (5758, vol 13, pg 32) writes that having meat is not MeAkev.
* The Birkei Yosef 695:1-3 and Magen Avraham 695:9 write that there’s no obligation to eat bread. However, Aruch HaShulchan 695:7, 12 argues that mishteh is defined by bread. Chayei Adam 155:30 says the same. Nitei Gavriel 71:1 and Yalkut Yosef 695:4 write that one should be strict to have bread. Mishna Brurah makes no mention of it except in Shaar HaTziyun 695:4 where he leaves it as a dispute. </ref>
==If one forgot Al HaNissim==
# If one forgot Al HaNissim in [[Benching]], one doesn’t repeat [[benching]].  However, if one remembers that he forgot Al HaNissim while still [[benching]] one should add it in the Harachaman’s by saying Harachaman Hu Yaaseh Lanu Nissim and continue with Al HaNissim. <Ref>Mishna Brurah 695:15 </ref>
==Drinking on Purim==
# The mitzvah to drink only applies to wine. Although most Rishonim seem to require one to reach a level of drunkenness <Ref> Gemara [[Megillah]] 7b. Rambam (Laws of [[Megillah]] 2:15), Rif [[Megillah]] 3a in Dapei HaRif, Rosh [[Megillah]] Perek 1 Siman 8, Tur Orach Chayim 695:1 seem to require one to reach a level of drunkenness.</ref>, most later authorities, Ashkenazic and Sephardic, hold that one should only drink a little more than what one is accustomed to drink and then sleep (see note for procedure). <Ref> The Bet Yosef 695:1 quotes the Orchot Chaim who writes that it’s forbidden to get drunk; rather the mitzvah is to drink a little more than one is accustomed to drink. Darkei Moshe HaAruch 695:2 quotes the Mahariv as saying that one should drink, and then sleep so that one doesn’t know the difference between Arur Haman and Baruch Mordechai. Rama 695:2 combines the Orchot Chaim and Mahariv saying that one should drink more than one is accustomed to drink and then sleep.
* Mishna Brurah 695:5 explicitly rules that this is the accepted halacha. This was also the minhag of Rav Shlomo Zalman (Halichot Shlomo pg 343 note 78). [http://www.yutorah.org/lectures/lecture.cfm/753214/Rabbi_Hershel_Schachter/Inyanei_Purim Rav Hershel Schachter in a shiur on yutorah.org] (“Inyanei [[Purim]]”, min 81-83) explained that one should drink a little more than one is accustomed to, and then fall asleep after the meal. Rabbi Willig (min 42-6), however, explained that according to the Rama one should drink a little, sleep, and then have the [[Seudah]], and drink a little in the meal. Yalkut Yosef 695:14 rules like the Orchot Chaim and makes no mention of sleeping. Rav Mordechai Eliyahu in MaAmer Mordechai 64:36 who seems to agree.
* Rashi [[Megillah]] 7b s.v. LeIvsumei and Rambam 2:15 specify wine and not other intoxicating drinks. Kaf HaChaim 695:6 and Nitei Gavriel 73:2 codify this as halacha. Rabbi Willig (min 44-5) rules that it’s prohibited to have intoxicating drinks other than wine on [[Purim]] or any day of the year. However, Shalmei Todah (pg 326) quotes Rav Nissim Karlitz saying that it’s not MeAkev to have wine specifically. Rav Shlomo Zalman (Halichot Shlomo pg 342, note 76) writes that grape juice does not suffice. </ref> All agree that if one going to end up violating or degrading any halacha such as [[Birkat HaMazon]], one should not get drunk. <Ref> The Chaye Adam 155:30 writes that if one knows that getting drunk will cause one to degrade fulfilling a mitzvah such as making [[Brachot]], [[Birkat HaMazon]], or [[Maariv]], one shouldn’t get drunk. This is quoted by the Beiur Halacha s.v. Ad and Kaf HaChaim 695:17. This is supported by the Mieri ([[Megillah]] 7b) who writes that we’re not commanded to have happiness of vanity and frivolity, rather one should have happiness that leads to Ahavat Hashem and a desire to thank Him for the miracles he did for us. </ref>
# If one’s parent tells one not to drink on [[purim]] one should listen to them and only drink a little more than usual. <Ref> Halichot Shlomo 19:25 </ref>
# Women are not required to drink as much. One cup or less is sufficient. <ref> Sh"t Rivevot Ephraim 1:458, Moadim Uzmanim 2:190 </ref>
# If one unintentionally causes minor damages as a result of celebrating [[purim]], one is exempt from paying for the damages. <ref> M.B 6595: 5 </ref>


Regarding reciting brachot and davening after drinking see [[Avoiding Davening After Drinking Intoxicating Beverages]].
==Speaking in Shul or Bet Midrash==
# It’s utterly forbidden to act frivolously in a Shul or Bet Midrash in any way such as laughter, vane speech, or humor. <Ref> S”A 151:1 </ref>
# It’s forbidden to speak about non-holy matters in a shul or Bet Midrash including speech about business or an occupation. <Ref> Mishna Brurah 151:2 </ref>
# Similarly, it’s forbidden to read or write secular subjects in a Shul or Bet Midrash. <Ref> Rav Nevinsal in BeYitzchak Yikra on Mishna Brurah 151:2 </ref>
# It’s much worse of a transgression to speak forbidden speech such as [[Lashon Hara]], Rechilut, or starting fights in a Shul or a Bet Midrash in the place where the Shechina dwells. <Ref> Mishna Brurah 151:2 </ref>
# In a Bet Midrash, one shouldn’t say G-d Bless you or LaBriyut or Gezuntite when someone sneezes. Nowadays, some are lenient because many aren’t so caeful about not speaking mundane speech in a Bet Midrash and some are strict because it’ll cause people to speak mundane speech in the Bet Midrash. It seems everyone will agree that in middle of learning it’s forbidden to say it. <Ref> S”A Y”D 246:17 writes that one may not say [[Refuah]] when someone sneezes based on the Gemara [[Brachot]] 53a. Levush Y”D 246:17 brings the halacha as in S”A. The Perisha Y”D 246:36 writes that perhaps nowadays we can be lenient considered that many aren’t strict about mundane speech in the Bet Midrash in general. The Shach Y”D 246:16 and Aruch HaShulchan Y”D 246:33 quote the Perisha as halacha. However, the Taz Y”D 246:6 argues that there’s no reason to be more lenient and it’ll cause people to speak mundane speech in the Bet Midrash.  [Bear Hetiev Y”D 246:9 quotes the dispute the perisha first and the Taz second.] S”A HaRav (Hilchot Talmud Torah 4:11) and Yalkut Yosef (Kitzur S”A Y”D 245-6 #33) agree with the Taz. S”A HaRav clarifies that it’s forbidden to answer Asuta even not at the time of learning as long as one’s in a Bet Midrash, and all the more so, when one is learning. </ref>
 
==Sleeping in Shul or Bet Midrash==
# One may not sleep (even a temporary sleep) in a shul, but in a bais medrash it is permitted to take a temporary sleep. A talmid chacham may sleep in a shul or a beit midrash. <Ref>Mishna Brurah 151:15-6 </ref>
# One may not sleep in a Shul, however it is permitted to sleep temporarily in a Bet HaMidrash. <Ref>Shulchan Aruch 151:3</ref>
==Eating in Shul==
# Although it is generally forbidden to eat in a shul, seuda shlishit may be eaten in a shul especially when words of Torah are spoken at the meal. <ref> Yechave Daat 3:10. Shulchan Aruch 151:4 permits eating a seudat mitzvah in a shul. Even the Mishna Brurah 151:20 agrees but cites the Magen Avraham who forbids a large meal with wine in a shul even for a mitzvah. </ref>
# Any seuda for a mitzvah is permissible as long as it doesn't lead to palaver. <ref> Yabia Omer 10:14. Hacham Ovadia Yosef zt"l cites brit milah, pidyon haben, and azkara as examples of mitzvot which grant permission to eat in synagogue </ref> However, liquor may not be served. <ref> Yabia Omer 10:14 </ref>
# A Talmud Chacham may eat or drink in a Shul if it is necessary. <Ref>Shulchan Aruch 151:1</ref> Some say that a Talmid Chacham may eat or drink in a Bet Midrash. <Ref>Rama 151:1</ref>
 
==Entering Shul for Your Benefit==
# If one needs to get someone who is in a Shul, one should walk inside, learn a little bit and then call that person. If one does not know how to learn one may wait inside the Shul a little bit (the time it takes to walk 8 [[Tefachim]]) and then call that person, since just sitting in a Shul is a mitzvah.<Ref>Shulchan Aruch 151:1</ref>
# One should not enter the Shul to protect oneself from the sun or rain. <Ref>Shulchan Aruch 151:1</ref>
==Doing Mundane Activities in Shul==
# One should not perform calculations, unless it is for a mitzvah in a Shul. <Ref>Shulchan Aruch 151:1</ref>
==Eulogies in a Shul==
# Eulogies should not take place in a Shul unless it is a eulogy for one of the great people of the town and everyone is coming to the eulogy. <Ref>Shulchan Aruch 151:1</ref>
 
==Using it as a Shortcut==
# One may not use a Shul for a shortcut. However, if the Shul was built in place of a path, it is permitted to continue using that path even after the Shul was built.<Ref>Shulchan Aruch 151:5</ref>
==Owning a Seat in Shul==
# If a person sat in a particular seat in shul for three years straight even if he wasn't in on occasion or he changed his seat for avielut he can establish a right to that seat.<ref>Rashba (responsa 1:943), Rama CM 140:8. See also Meiri b"b 29a.</ref>
 
==Running to and from Shul==
# When one is on one's way to Shul or going to do any mitzvah, it is a mitzvah to run even on [[Shabbat]]. <ref>Shulchan Aruch 90:12</ref>
# When one arrives at Shul one shouldn't run inside, but rather one should walk with awe and trepidation like one is walking before a king.<ref>Magen Avraham 90:24, Mishna Brurah 90:41, Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 12:11</ref>
# It is forbidden to run when one is leaving Shul. <ref>Shulchan Aruch 90:12</ref>
==Mechitza==
# During davening it is integral to have a mechitza to separate between men and women.<ref>Igrot Moshe 1:41, Yalkut Yosef (Kriyat Hatorah Vbet Hakenest Mdinei Hahanahaga Bkotel n. 2), Ishei Yisrael 28:9</ref> However, there is no need for a mechitza to separate between men and women for non-mitzvot activities such as a mundane meal.<ref>Rav Moshe Feinstein in Igrot Moshe 1:41 cites the Pesachim 86b that speaks about a bride eating a korban pesach together with the rest of the group which would consist of several families and up to 50 or 100 people. He concludes that isn’t necessary to have a mechitza for non-mitzvah activities, such as a meal but excluding davening or learning. However, he has a doubt about wedding meals if they need a mechitza to separate between the men and women.</ref>
# If a shul has a women's section which isn't level with the men's section, some hold that the mechitza needs to be so tall that the men can't see the women.<Ref>Yalkut Yosef (Otzar Dinim Lisha Vlbat 9:42) writes that a shul which has a woman's section that isn't level with the men's section should nonetheless have a mechitza high enough that the men can't see the women.</ref>
# In a place that is used for a minyan on a temporary basis, such as a [[Shiva]] house, according to some poskim doesn't need a mechitza and the men and women could simply daven in their respective sides for purposes of [[kavana]].<ref>Igrot Moshe OC 5:12 writes that it isn't necessary to have a minyan in a temporary situation such as a Shiva house and all the more so for a Shabbos Sheva Brachos since it is just the family. Rather the men and women should daven in opposite corners to enhance kavana. This is cited by Ishei Yisrael 28:9 and [http://olamot.net/shiur/%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%94-%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9F-%D7%92%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D-%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%9D Olamot.net]. Similarly, Halichot Shlomo Tefillah ch. 8 fnt. 4 writes that on a plane if one is making a minyan that doesn't disturb the other passengers it isn't necessary to have a mechitza since it is a temporary situation and not a permanent shul.</ref>
# There is a major dispute if it is necessary to have a mechitza for a wedding meal.<ref>Igrot Moshe YD 4:24 doesn't require a mechitza at a wedding since it isn't a public event, it is exclusively for those invited. Birkat Reuven Shlomo 7:61 argues with Rav Moshe and requires a mechitza for a sit down gathering at a wedding or meal. Shevet Halevi 8:281 writes that for a Sheva Brachos meal they need a mechitza that is at least Ten Tefachim high even though that wouldn't suffice for a mechitza in shul.</ref>
==Women's Section==
# All laws regarding the holiness of the synagogue apply to the women's section. <ref> Yabia Omer 7:24 </ref>
 
==Above the Aron==
# It is permitted to do normal activities on the second floor or roof above the Aron Kodesh. However, one shouldn't sleep there or do any inappropriate activities there.<ref>Shulchan Aruch O.C. 151:12. The Taz 151:4 blames this sin for the death of two of his children. The Bet Yosef cites the Mordechai Shabbat n. 228 quoting the Maharam who wasn't sure whether it is permitted to use the area above the Aron on the second floor. He proves from Gemara Pesachim 86a that there's on prohibition on the upper stories or roof. He concludes that one should avoid doing a disgraceful activity above the Aron on a regular basis such as sleeping there. Bet Yosef also notes the Maharik who suggests that the upper stories above the Aron are holy based on the comparison between our shuls and the Bet Hamikdash.</ref>
# Technically, may one live in an apartment which is located above a synagogue. However, as noted above, one should be careful to not perform any disgraceful activities above the plane above the aron hakodesh, such as sleeping. <ref> Yabia Omer 6:26 </ref>


==Sources==
==Sources==
<references/>
<references/>
[[Category:Holidays]]
[[Category:Prayer]]
[[Category:Purim]]

Revision as of 20:58, 25 January 2023

Regarding building, selling, dismantling a Shul building see Halachot_of_the_Building_of_the_Shul

Appropriate Mind-frame for Shul

  1. One should not be involved in light-headedness, frivolity, idle chatter, eating, or drinking in a Shul.[1]
  2. One should not lounge around or adorn oneself in the Shul. [2]

Speaking in Shul or Bet Midrash

  1. It’s utterly forbidden to act frivolously in a Shul or Bet Midrash in any way such as laughter, vane speech, or humor. [3]
  2. It’s forbidden to speak about non-holy matters in a shul or Bet Midrash including speech about business or an occupation. [4]
  3. Similarly, it’s forbidden to read or write secular subjects in a Shul or Bet Midrash. [5]
  4. It’s much worse of a transgression to speak forbidden speech such as Lashon Hara, Rechilut, or starting fights in a Shul or a Bet Midrash in the place where the Shechina dwells. [6]
  5. In a Bet Midrash, one shouldn’t say G-d Bless you or LaBriyut or Gezuntite when someone sneezes. Nowadays, some are lenient because many aren’t so caeful about not speaking mundane speech in a Bet Midrash and some are strict because it’ll cause people to speak mundane speech in the Bet Midrash. It seems everyone will agree that in middle of learning it’s forbidden to say it. [7]

Sleeping in Shul or Bet Midrash

  1. One may not sleep (even a temporary sleep) in a shul, but in a bais medrash it is permitted to take a temporary sleep. A talmid chacham may sleep in a shul or a beit midrash. [8]
  2. One may not sleep in a Shul, however it is permitted to sleep temporarily in a Bet HaMidrash. [9]

Eating in Shul

  1. Although it is generally forbidden to eat in a shul, seuda shlishit may be eaten in a shul especially when words of Torah are spoken at the meal. [10]
  2. Any seuda for a mitzvah is permissible as long as it doesn't lead to palaver. [11] However, liquor may not be served. [12]
  3. A Talmud Chacham may eat or drink in a Shul if it is necessary. [13] Some say that a Talmid Chacham may eat or drink in a Bet Midrash. [14]

Entering Shul for Your Benefit

  1. If one needs to get someone who is in a Shul, one should walk inside, learn a little bit and then call that person. If one does not know how to learn one may wait inside the Shul a little bit (the time it takes to walk 8 Tefachim) and then call that person, since just sitting in a Shul is a mitzvah.[15]
  2. One should not enter the Shul to protect oneself from the sun or rain. [16]

Doing Mundane Activities in Shul

  1. One should not perform calculations, unless it is for a mitzvah in a Shul. [17]

Eulogies in a Shul

  1. Eulogies should not take place in a Shul unless it is a eulogy for one of the great people of the town and everyone is coming to the eulogy. [18]

Using it as a Shortcut

  1. One may not use a Shul for a shortcut. However, if the Shul was built in place of a path, it is permitted to continue using that path even after the Shul was built.[19]

Owning a Seat in Shul

  1. If a person sat in a particular seat in shul for three years straight even if he wasn't in on occasion or he changed his seat for avielut he can establish a right to that seat.[20]

Running to and from Shul

  1. When one is on one's way to Shul or going to do any mitzvah, it is a mitzvah to run even on Shabbat. [21]
  2. When one arrives at Shul one shouldn't run inside, but rather one should walk with awe and trepidation like one is walking before a king.[22]
  3. It is forbidden to run when one is leaving Shul. [23]

Mechitza

  1. During davening it is integral to have a mechitza to separate between men and women.[24] However, there is no need for a mechitza to separate between men and women for non-mitzvot activities such as a mundane meal.[25]
  2. If a shul has a women's section which isn't level with the men's section, some hold that the mechitza needs to be so tall that the men can't see the women.[26]
  3. In a place that is used for a minyan on a temporary basis, such as a Shiva house, according to some poskim doesn't need a mechitza and the men and women could simply daven in their respective sides for purposes of kavana.[27]
  4. There is a major dispute if it is necessary to have a mechitza for a wedding meal.[28]

Women's Section

  1. All laws regarding the holiness of the synagogue apply to the women's section. [29]

Above the Aron

  1. It is permitted to do normal activities on the second floor or roof above the Aron Kodesh. However, one shouldn't sleep there or do any inappropriate activities there.[30]
  2. Technically, may one live in an apartment which is located above a synagogue. However, as noted above, one should be careful to not perform any disgraceful activities above the plane above the aron hakodesh, such as sleeping. [31]

Sources

  1. ↑ Shulchan Aruch 151:1
  2. ↑ Shulchan Aruch 151:1
  3. ↑ S”A 151:1
  4. ↑ Mishna Brurah 151:2
  5. ↑ Rav Nevinsal in BeYitzchak Yikra on Mishna Brurah 151:2
  6. ↑ Mishna Brurah 151:2
  7. ↑ S”A Y”D 246:17 writes that one may not say Refuah when someone sneezes based on the Gemara Brachot 53a. Levush Y”D 246:17 brings the halacha as in S”A. The Perisha Y”D 246:36 writes that perhaps nowadays we can be lenient considered that many aren’t strict about mundane speech in the Bet Midrash in general. The Shach Y”D 246:16 and Aruch HaShulchan Y”D 246:33 quote the Perisha as halacha. However, the Taz Y”D 246:6 argues that there’s no reason to be more lenient and it’ll cause people to speak mundane speech in the Bet Midrash. [Bear Hetiev Y”D 246:9 quotes the dispute the perisha first and the Taz second.] S”A HaRav (Hilchot Talmud Torah 4:11) and Yalkut Yosef (Kitzur S”A Y”D 245-6 #33) agree with the Taz. S”A HaRav clarifies that it’s forbidden to answer Asuta even not at the time of learning as long as one’s in a Bet Midrash, and all the more so, when one is learning.
  8. ↑ Mishna Brurah 151:15-6
  9. ↑ Shulchan Aruch 151:3
  10. ↑ Yechave Daat 3:10. Shulchan Aruch 151:4 permits eating a seudat mitzvah in a shul. Even the Mishna Brurah 151:20 agrees but cites the Magen Avraham who forbids a large meal with wine in a shul even for a mitzvah.
  11. ↑ Yabia Omer 10:14. Hacham Ovadia Yosef zt"l cites brit milah, pidyon haben, and azkara as examples of mitzvot which grant permission to eat in synagogue
  12. ↑ Yabia Omer 10:14
  13. ↑ Shulchan Aruch 151:1
  14. ↑ Rama 151:1
  15. ↑ Shulchan Aruch 151:1
  16. ↑ Shulchan Aruch 151:1
  17. ↑ Shulchan Aruch 151:1
  18. ↑ Shulchan Aruch 151:1
  19. ↑ Shulchan Aruch 151:5
  20. ↑ Rashba (responsa 1:943), Rama CM 140:8. See also Meiri b"b 29a.
  21. ↑ Shulchan Aruch 90:12
  22. ↑ Magen Avraham 90:24, Mishna Brurah 90:41, Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 12:11
  23. ↑ Shulchan Aruch 90:12
  24. ↑ Igrot Moshe 1:41, Yalkut Yosef (Kriyat Hatorah Vbet Hakenest Mdinei Hahanahaga Bkotel n. 2), Ishei Yisrael 28:9
  25. ↑ Rav Moshe Feinstein in Igrot Moshe 1:41 cites the Pesachim 86b that speaks about a bride eating a korban pesach together with the rest of the group which would consist of several families and up to 50 or 100 people. He concludes that isn’t necessary to have a mechitza for non-mitzvah activities, such as a meal but excluding davening or learning. However, he has a doubt about wedding meals if they need a mechitza to separate between the men and women.
  26. ↑ Yalkut Yosef (Otzar Dinim Lisha Vlbat 9:42) writes that a shul which has a woman's section that isn't level with the men's section should nonetheless have a mechitza high enough that the men can't see the women.
  27. ↑ Igrot Moshe OC 5:12 writes that it isn't necessary to have a minyan in a temporary situation such as a Shiva house and all the more so for a Shabbos Sheva Brachos since it is just the family. Rather the men and women should daven in opposite corners to enhance kavana. This is cited by Ishei Yisrael 28:9 and Olamot.net. Similarly, Halichot Shlomo Tefillah ch. 8 fnt. 4 writes that on a plane if one is making a minyan that doesn't disturb the other passengers it isn't necessary to have a mechitza since it is a temporary situation and not a permanent shul.
  28. ↑ Igrot Moshe YD 4:24 doesn't require a mechitza at a wedding since it isn't a public event, it is exclusively for those invited. Birkat Reuven Shlomo 7:61 argues with Rav Moshe and requires a mechitza for a sit down gathering at a wedding or meal. Shevet Halevi 8:281 writes that for a Sheva Brachos meal they need a mechitza that is at least Ten Tefachim high even though that wouldn't suffice for a mechitza in shul.
  29. ↑ Yabia Omer 7:24
  30. ↑ Shulchan Aruch O.C. 151:12. The Taz 151:4 blames this sin for the death of two of his children. The Bet Yosef cites the Mordechai Shabbat n. 228 quoting the Maharam who wasn't sure whether it is permitted to use the area above the Aron on the second floor. He proves from Gemara Pesachim 86a that there's on prohibition on the upper stories or roof. He concludes that one should avoid doing a disgraceful activity above the Aron on a regular basis such as sleeping there. Bet Yosef also notes the Maharik who suggests that the upper stories above the Aron are holy based on the comparison between our shuls and the Bet Hamikdash.
  31. ↑ Yabia Omer 6:26
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