Cosmetics: Difference between revisions

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==Background==
==Background==


#With so many new cosmetics on the market today, the question of using these products on [[Shabbos|Shabbat]] becomes very relevant. Some background information may shed some light on what the possible problems may be in regards to Hilchot [[Shabbos|Shabbat]]. One Melacha to be aware of, is the act of [[dyeing]] ([[Tzoveya]]), which was done to color the curtains of the Mishkan<ref>Rashi Parshas Terumah 25:5 D"h Meadamim</ref>, the second is the act of [[smoothing]] ([[Memachaik]]) which was done to finish the leather of the coverings of the Mishkan.
#With so many new cosmetics on the market today the question of using these products on [[Shabbos]] becomes very relevant. Some background information may shed some light on what the possible problems may be in regards to Hilchos [[Shabbos]]. One Melacha to be aware of, is the act of [[dyeing]] ([[Tzoveya]]), which was done to color the curtains of the Mishkan<ref>Rashi Parshas Terumah 25:5 D"h Meadamim</ref>, the second is the act of [[smoothing]] ([[Memachaik]]) which was done to finish the leather of the coverings of the Mishkan.
#While the biblical prohibition of [[dyeing]] is only something that will be colored permanently, there is still a Rabbinic prohibition on creating a temporary coloring effect. Therefore, cosmetics such as: rouges, lipsticks, eye shadow, and others which add color to the skin, albeit for a short amount of time, are still forbidden to use on [[Shabbos|Shabbat]].<ref>Rambam Hilchos [[Shabbos]] 22:23, S.A. 303:25, Mishna Brurah 303:79, Rabbi Heshy Kahn (What's Doing, Greater Connecticut, 3/3/11)</ref>
#While the biblical prohibition of [[dyeing]] is only something that will be colored permanently, there is still a Rabbinic prohibition on creating a temporary coloring effect. Therefore, cosmetics such as: rouges, lipsticks, eye shadow, and others which add color to the skin albeit for a short amount of time, are still forbidden to use on [[Shabbos]].<ref>Rambam Hilchos [[Shabbos]] 22:23, S.A. 303:25, Mishna Brurah 303:79, Rabbi Heshy Kahn (What's Doing, Greater Connecticut, 3/3/11)</ref>


==Bar, Liquid, and Foam Soap==
==Soap==
{{Soap on Shabbat}}
 
#Some poskim hold that it is permitted to use a bar of soap on Shabbat because one doesn't intend of smoothing out the bar of soap or creating any soap suds.<ref>According to Chacham Ovadia Yosef (Sh"t Yechave Daat 2:50), it is permitted to use a bar of soap or liquid soap on [[shabbat]] because one has no intention of changing anything. One only intends clean what he is washing. </ref> On the opposite extreme some poskim hold that it is forbidden to use either bar or liquid soap on Shabbat.<ref>According to Rabbi Moshe Feinstein (Sh"t Igrot Moshe OC 1:113) it is forbidden to use a bar of soap and it is forbidden to use liquid soap on [[shabbat]]. </ref> However, according to the majority of poskim, one may not use a bar of soap but one may use liquid soap on Shabbat.<ref>According to Chacham Ben-Zion Abba-Shaul (Sh"t Or Litzion 2:35:5), one may not use a bar of soap but one may use liquid soap on [[shabbat]]. [http://www.dailyhalacha.com/m/halacha.aspx?id=932 Rabbi Eli Mansour], Aruch Hashulchan 326:11, and Ketzot Hashulchan 146:32 agree. Kitzur Hilchot [[Shabbat]] pg. 74 says this is the common practice. See also Shemirat Shabbat Kihilchita 14:16. [http://www.yutorah.org/sidebar/lecture.cfm/798018/rabbi-hershel-schachter/shiur-11-shabbos-memachaik-memare-ach/ Rav Schachter (Shabbat Shiur 11)] explained that it is questionable to forbid using a liquid soap since the resultant sods created as very temporary.</ref>
#Some poskim it is permitted to use foam handsoap on Shabbat.<ref>[http://www.yutorah.org/sidebar/lecture.cfm/798018/rabbi-hershel-schachter/shiur-11-shabbos-memachaik-memare-ach/ Rav Schachter (Shabbat Shiur 11)]
held that using foamy soap is permitted since changing the liquid into a foam and using it since the result is very temporary before it is washed down the drain. [[Asicha_Hilchos_Shabbos_Part_2| Rav Willig (Asicha Shabbos 2 p. 9)]] agreed.</ref>
#If one used a scented soap to clean one’s hands it is permitted to dry one’s hands on a towel.<ref>Ginat Veradim OC 3:16 writes that it is permitted to use rose water to clean your hands and to dry them on a towel since there’s no prohibition of molid when it is unintentional. Molid is only a derabbanan and if one doesn’t intend for it it isn’t an issue of a pesik reisha. This is also the opinion of the Maharshal (Yam Shel Shlomo Beitzah 2:34). Rav Avraham Antebi writes that the Syrian minhag was to use rose water on Shabbat for washing hands.</ref>


==Cutting Nails or Hair==
==Cutting Nails or Hair==
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==Powder==
==Powder==
#Some Poskim permit women applying non-sticky powder to their faces on [[Shabbat]].<ref>Rav Moshe (OC 5:27) writes that if the powder is dry and thus will only last for a short amount of time on the face, then there is no problem of tzoveah to use it on shabbat. Even though even temporary tzoveah (צביעה שאינה מתקיים) is typically prohibited midrabanan, Rav Moshe thought that this type of powder wasn't even permanent enough to reach that threshold, and therefore was completely permitted. </ref> However, other poskim forbid this act.<ref>See Dirshu Mishna Berurah (303:25 footnote 50), citing Rav Shlomo Zalmen and the Shevet Halevi to prohibit applying powder of any kind on shabbat. </ref> Nevertheless, all agree that applying sticky powder is forbidden.<ref>Yechave Daat 4.28, Menichat Ahava 13.7 </ref>
#Many Poskim permit women applying non-sticky powder to their faces on [[Shabbat]], however, other poskim forbid this act. Nevertheless, all agree that applying sticky powder is forbidden.<ref>Yechave Daat 4.28, Menichat Ahava 13.7 </ref>
#It is forbidden to use makeup on Shabbat if it is lasting.<ref>Shulchan Aruch O.C. 303:25</ref>  
#It is forbidden to use makeup on Shabbat if it is lasting.<ref>Shulchan Aruch O.C. 303:25</ref>  
# Putting on nail polish, even if it is clear, is forbidden.<ref>Shemirat Shabbat Kehilchata ch. 14 fnt. 167</ref>
# Putting on nail polish even if it is clear is forbidden.<ref>Shemirat Shabbat Kehilchata ch. 14 fnt. 167</ref>
# Rav Moshe Feinstein permitted putting on ordinary talcum powder and theoretically extended it to all colored powdered makeups. In practice, regarding specific makeups, he warned that the powdered makeups may not be made with a water or oil base and could not last for a long time.<ref>Igrot Moshe 1:114, 5:27, 6:25:1. Rav Shlomo Zalman Auerbach in Shemirat Shabbat Kehilchata ch. 14 fnt. 173 is strict.</ref> Many of his students forbid all powdered makeups on the market today because in practice they remain on the skin for a long time.<ref>[[Asicha_Hilchos_Shabbos_Part_2| Rav Mordechai Willig (Asicha Shabbos 2 p. 6)]], Rav Belsky in Shulchan Halevi 9:1, [https://www.torahanytime.com/#/lectures?a=114404 Rav Shmuel Fuerst (min 23-26)]</ref>
# Rav Moshe Feinstein permitted putting on ordinary talcum powder and theoretically extended it to all colored powdered makeups. In practice, regarding specific makeups, he warned that the powdered makeups may not be made with a water or oil base and could not last for a long time.<ref>Igrot Moshe 1:114, 5:27, 6:25:1. Rav Shlomo Zalman Auerbach in Shemirat Shabbat Kehilchata ch. 14 fnt. 173 is strict.</ref> Many of his students forbid all powdered makeups on the market today because in practice they remain on the skin for a long time.<ref>Rav Belsky in Shulchan Halevi 9:1, [https://www.torahanytime.com/#/lectures?a=114404 Rav Shmuel Fuerst (min 23-26)]</ref>


==Nail Varnish==
==Nail varnish==


#It is forbidden to apply or remove nail varnish on [[shabbat]].<ref>Shmirat [[Shabbat]] Kehilchata 1.158, Yalkut Yosef 4.2.102 </ref>
#It is forbidden to apply or remove nail varnish on [[shabbat]].<ref>Shmirat [[Shabbat]] Kehilchata 1.158, Yalkut Yosef 4.2.102 </ref>


==Combing Hair==
==Combing hair==


#Regarding combing one's hair on [[Shabbat]], see the [[Getting Dressed on Shabbat]] page.
#Regarding combing one's hair on [[Shabbat]], see the [[Getting Dressed on Shabbat]] page.


==Braiding Hair==
==Braiding hair==


#It is forbidden to braid hair on [[shabbat]].<ref>Shulchan Aruch 303:26, based on gemara shabbat 94b </ref>
#It is forbidden to braid hair on [[shabbat]].<ref>Mishna Brurah 303.27 </ref>


==Perfume==
==Perfume==


#It is permitted to apply perfume onto the human body but it is forbidden to apply perfume onto clothing on [[shabbat]].<ref>Mishna Brurah 322:18, Shulchan Aruch 511:4. The reason for the prohibition of being molid reach (creating scent) in clothing is either because it's like creating a new entity, which is similar to an act of melacha (Mishna Brurah 511:27), or because it is like fixing the garment (tikun maneh) when one adds scent to it, which constitutes a violation of makeh b'patish (Mishna Brurah 658:7).  </ref>
#It is permitted to apply perfume onto the human body but it is forbidden to apply perfume onto clothing on [[shabbat]].<ref>Mishna Brurah 125.23 </ref>
 
==Nail polish==
 
#It is forbidden to use nail polish on [[Shabbat]] whether it is a colored nail polish or clear polish as the shine adds a pleasant finish to the nail, and is enhancing the natural color of the nail which is included in Tzovaya<ref>Shmiras [[Shabbos]] K'Hilchosa 14:footnote 152</ref>.
#It is for this same reason, that one would be prohibited from using (i.e. crest) whitening strips. Once again it is also for this same reason that one is prohibited from using fade creams that are of the same color as one's natural skin, even if it is being used just to cover up blemishes.<ref>Rabbi Heshy Kahn (What's Doing, Greater Connecticut, 3/3/11)</ref>


==Nail Polish==
==Blush powders==


#It is forbidden to use nail polish on [[Shabbat]], whether it is a colored nail polish or clear polish, as the shine adds a pleasant finish to the nail, and is enhancing the natural color of the nail, thus violating [[Tzovaya]].<ref>Shmiras [[Shabbos]] K'Hilchosa 14:footnote 152</ref>
#While there are some&nbsp;Poskim who give a hashgocha&nbsp;on certain blush powders to be used on [[Shabbos]], majority of the powders on the market are oil based which therefore causes the blush to be absorbed by the skin which would make it Tzovaya<ref>Igros Moshe O.C. 5:27</ref>. Therefore, unless one has a hechsher on a particular product, one should assume that all cosmetic rouge powders are forbidden for use on [[Shabbos]].<ref>Rabbi Heshy Kahn (What's Doing, Greater Connecticut, 3/3/11)</ref>
##It is for this same reason that one would be prohibited from using whitening strips for teeth.
##It is also for this reason that one is prohibited from using fade creams that are of the same color as one's natural skin, even if it is being used just to cover up blemishes.<ref>Rabbi Heshy Kahn (What's Doing, Greater Connecticut, 3/3/11)</ref>


==Sun-Tanning==
==Sun-Tanning==


#Some Poskim go as far as to prohibit intentional suntanning, as this leaves a color on the skin, and thus may violate [[tzovaya]].<ref>Minchas Yitzchok 5:32</ref>  
#Some Poskim go as far as to prohibit intentional suntanning as this leaves a permanent color on the skin<ref>Minchas Yitzchok 5:32</ref>. [It should be noted that not all Poskim concur with this ruling, and everyone holds that it is permitted to merely sit outside if there is no intention of tanning, even if one will be pleased with the results.]<ref>Rabbi Heshy Kahn (What's Doing, Greater Connecticut, 3/3/11) </ref>
#It should be noted that not all Poskim concur with this ruling, and everyone holds that it is permitted to merely sit outside if there is no intention of tanning, even if one will be pleased with the results.<ref>Rabbi Heshy Kahn (What's Doing, Greater Connecticut, 3/3/11) </ref>
 
==Makeup removal==


==Makeup Removal==
#While putting on makeup, is in many cases ossur, removing it is permitted. However, it is preferable to be use a disposable tissue, so as to avoid questions of&nbsp;coloring the cloth or towel&nbsp;being used<ref>M.B. 320:59</ref>. One should also avoid using nail polish remover<ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata (vol 3, chap 14, note 79)</ref>.


#While putting on makeup in most cases is forbidden, removing it is permitted. However, it is preferable to be use a disposable tissue, so as to avoid questions of coloring the cloth or towel being used.<ref>Mishna Brurah 320:59</ref> One should also avoid using nail polish remover.<ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata (vol 3, chap 14, note 79)</ref>
==Smoothing cremes==


==Smoothing Creams==
#As stated above there is another concern aside for coloring, when dealing with lotions and that is [[Memachek]] ([[smoothing]]).&nbsp;Therefore, the use of lipstick or even non colored chap stick are prohibited under this Melacha<ref>Igros Moshe O.C. 1:114</ref>. Skin blemish concealers, hand creams (Nivea, Eucerin),Vaseline, rouge creams, moisturizers, toothpaste, lotions and the like are all prohibited&nbsp;under [[Memachek]] as well<ref>Rashi ([[Shabbos]] 146b D"h Mishchah), Rambam ([[Shabbat]] 13:11), Shulchan Aruch 314:11, Mishna Brurah 314:45, Rabbi Heshy Kahn (What's Doing, Greater Connecticut, 3/3/11)</ref>.


#Besides for the concern of [[tzoveah]] (coloring), when dealing with lotions there is also a concern of [[memachek]] ([[smoothing]]). Therefore, the use of lipstick or even non-colored chapstick are prohibited on shabbat.<ref>Igros Moshe O.C. 1:114</ref>
==Lotions==
#Skin blemish concealers, hand creams (Nivea, Eucerin), Vaseline, rouge creams, moisturizers, lotions and the like are all prohibited under [[memachek]] as well.<ref>Rashi ([[Shabbos]] 146b D"h Mishchah), Rambam ([[Shabbat]] 13:11), Shulchan Aruch 314:11, Mishna Brurah 314:45, Rabbi Heshy Kahn (What's Doing, Greater Connecticut, 3/3/11)</ref>


=== Lotions ===
#As long as the lotion has a thin and pourable consistency like that of oil<ref>Rabbi Heshy Kahn (What's Doing, Greater Connecticut, 3/3/11) quoting  R' Nosson Kupshitz Shlita</ref> it would be permitted to use (providing that it is not medicinal, as then one would have to ask a shailo regarding the [[Refuah]] aspect). Therefore, one may apply most forms of sunblock lotion on an infant (or himself for that matter) as they are of very loose consistency.<ref>Rabbi Heshy Kahn (What's Doing, Greater Connecticut, 3/3/11) quoting  R' Nosson Kupshitz Shlita</ref>
#As long as the lotion has a thin and pourable consistency, like that of oil,<ref>Rabbi Heshy Kahn (What's Doing, Greater Connecticut, 3/3/11) quoting  R' Nosson Kupshitz Shlita</ref> it would be permitted to use on shabbat [providing that it is not medicinal, as then one would have to ask a question regarding the [[refuah]] aspect].  
##Therefore, one may apply most forms of sunblock lotion on an infant (or himself for that matter), as they are of very loose consistency.<ref>Rabbi Heshy Kahn (What's Doing, Greater Connecticut, 3/3/11) quoting  R' Nosson Kupshitz Shlita</ref>


==Credits==
==Credits==
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[[Category:Shabbat]]
[[Category:Shabbat]]
{{Shabbat Table}}

Revision as of 17:27, 2 April 2021

This article is good. It can still be slightly improved, either by adding content, restructuring the page, or updating its content.

Background

  1. With so many new cosmetics on the market today the question of using these products on Shabbos becomes very relevant. Some background information may shed some light on what the possible problems may be in regards to Hilchos Shabbos. One Melacha to be aware of, is the act of dyeing (Tzoveya), which was done to color the curtains of the Mishkan[1], the second is the act of smoothing (Memachaik) which was done to finish the leather of the coverings of the Mishkan.
  2. While the biblical prohibition of dyeing is only something that will be colored permanently, there is still a Rabbinic prohibition on creating a temporary coloring effect. Therefore, cosmetics such as: rouges, lipsticks, eye shadow, and others which add color to the skin albeit for a short amount of time, are still forbidden to use on Shabbos.[2]

Soap

  1. Some poskim hold that it is permitted to use a bar of soap on Shabbat because one doesn't intend of smoothing out the bar of soap or creating any soap suds.[3] On the opposite extreme some poskim hold that it is forbidden to use either bar or liquid soap on Shabbat.[4] However, according to the majority of poskim, one may not use a bar of soap but one may use liquid soap on Shabbat.[5]
  2. Some poskim it is permitted to use foam handsoap on Shabbat.[6]
  3. If one used a scented soap to clean one’s hands it is permitted to dry one’s hands on a towel.[7]

Cutting Nails or Hair

  1. It is forbidden to cut nails or hair on shabbat or sever them in any way.[8]
  2. On the night of her tevila in the mikveh, a woman may have her nails cut by a non-Jew.[9]

Lipstick

  1. It is forbidden for a woman to apply lipstick on shabbat.[10]

Powder

  1. Many Poskim permit women applying non-sticky powder to their faces on Shabbat, however, other poskim forbid this act. Nevertheless, all agree that applying sticky powder is forbidden.[11]
  2. It is forbidden to use makeup on Shabbat if it is lasting.[12]
  3. Putting on nail polish even if it is clear is forbidden.[13]
  4. Rav Moshe Feinstein permitted putting on ordinary talcum powder and theoretically extended it to all colored powdered makeups. In practice, regarding specific makeups, he warned that the powdered makeups may not be made with a water or oil base and could not last for a long time.[14] Many of his students forbid all powdered makeups on the market today because in practice they remain on the skin for a long time.[15]

Nail varnish

  1. It is forbidden to apply or remove nail varnish on shabbat.[16]

Combing hair

  1. Regarding combing one's hair on Shabbat, see the Getting Dressed on Shabbat page.

Braiding hair

  1. It is forbidden to braid hair on shabbat.[17]

Perfume

  1. It is permitted to apply perfume onto the human body but it is forbidden to apply perfume onto clothing on shabbat.[18]

Nail polish

  1. It is forbidden to use nail polish on Shabbat whether it is a colored nail polish or clear polish as the shine adds a pleasant finish to the nail, and is enhancing the natural color of the nail which is included in Tzovaya[19].
  2. It is for this same reason, that one would be prohibited from using (i.e. crest) whitening strips. Once again it is also for this same reason that one is prohibited from using fade creams that are of the same color as one's natural skin, even if it is being used just to cover up blemishes.[20]

Blush powders

  1. While there are some Poskim who give a hashgocha on certain blush powders to be used on Shabbos, majority of the powders on the market are oil based which therefore causes the blush to be absorbed by the skin which would make it Tzovaya[21]. Therefore, unless one has a hechsher on a particular product, one should assume that all cosmetic rouge powders are forbidden for use on Shabbos.[22]

Sun-Tanning

  1. Some Poskim go as far as to prohibit intentional suntanning as this leaves a permanent color on the skin[23]. [It should be noted that not all Poskim concur with this ruling, and everyone holds that it is permitted to merely sit outside if there is no intention of tanning, even if one will be pleased with the results.][24]

Makeup removal

  1. While putting on makeup, is in many cases ossur, removing it is permitted. However, it is preferable to be use a disposable tissue, so as to avoid questions of coloring the cloth or towel being used[25]. One should also avoid using nail polish remover[26].

Smoothing cremes

  1. As stated above there is another concern aside for coloring, when dealing with lotions and that is Memachek (smoothing). Therefore, the use of lipstick or even non colored chap stick are prohibited under this Melacha[27]. Skin blemish concealers, hand creams (Nivea, Eucerin),Vaseline, rouge creams, moisturizers, toothpaste, lotions and the like are all prohibited under Memachek as well[28].

Lotions

  1. As long as the lotion has a thin and pourable consistency like that of oil[29] it would be permitted to use (providing that it is not medicinal, as then one would have to ask a shailo regarding the Refuah aspect). Therefore, one may apply most forms of sunblock lotion on an infant (or himself for that matter) as they are of very loose consistency.[30]

Credits

  1. Special thanks to Rabbi Heshy Kahn for this article.

Common questions

  1. Is it permissible to use Crest whitening strips on Shabbos? See above #Nail polish.

Links

Sources

  1. ↑ Rashi Parshas Terumah 25:5 D"h Meadamim
  2. ↑ Rambam Hilchos Shabbos 22:23, S.A. 303:25, Mishna Brurah 303:79, Rabbi Heshy Kahn (What's Doing, Greater Connecticut, 3/3/11)
  3. ↑ According to Chacham Ovadia Yosef (Sh"t Yechave Daat 2:50), it is permitted to use a bar of soap or liquid soap on shabbat because one has no intention of changing anything. One only intends clean what he is washing.
  4. ↑ According to Rabbi Moshe Feinstein (Sh"t Igrot Moshe OC 1:113) it is forbidden to use a bar of soap and it is forbidden to use liquid soap on shabbat.
  5. ↑ According to Chacham Ben-Zion Abba-Shaul (Sh"t Or Litzion 2:35:5), one may not use a bar of soap but one may use liquid soap on shabbat. Rabbi Eli Mansour, Aruch Hashulchan 326:11, and Ketzot Hashulchan 146:32 agree. Kitzur Hilchot Shabbat pg. 74 says this is the common practice. See also Shemirat Shabbat Kihilchita 14:16. Rav Schachter (Shabbat Shiur 11) explained that it is questionable to forbid using a liquid soap since the resultant sods created as very temporary.
  6. ↑ Rav Schachter (Shabbat Shiur 11) held that using foamy soap is permitted since changing the liquid into a foam and using it since the result is very temporary before it is washed down the drain. Rav Willig (Asicha Shabbos 2 p. 9) agreed.
  7. ↑ Ginat Veradim OC 3:16 writes that it is permitted to use rose water to clean your hands and to dry them on a towel since there’s no prohibition of molid when it is unintentional. Molid is only a derabbanan and if one doesn’t intend for it it isn’t an issue of a pesik reisha. This is also the opinion of the Maharshal (Yam Shel Shlomo Beitzah 2:34). Rav Avraham Antebi writes that the Syrian minhag was to use rose water on Shabbat for washing hands.
  8. ↑ SA, Orach Chaim, 340.1
  9. ↑ Mishna Brura 340:3 quoting the Magen Avraham
  10. ↑ Yabia Omer 6.37, Igrot Mosher Orach Chaim 1.114, Menuchat Ahava 13.6
  11. ↑ Yechave Daat 4.28, Menichat Ahava 13.7
  12. ↑ Shulchan Aruch O.C. 303:25
  13. ↑ Shemirat Shabbat Kehilchata ch. 14 fnt. 167
  14. ↑ Igrot Moshe 1:114, 5:27, 6:25:1. Rav Shlomo Zalman Auerbach in Shemirat Shabbat Kehilchata ch. 14 fnt. 173 is strict.
  15. ↑ Rav Belsky in Shulchan Halevi 9:1, Rav Shmuel Fuerst (min 23-26)
  16. ↑ Shmirat Shabbat Kehilchata 1.158, Yalkut Yosef 4.2.102
  17. ↑ Mishna Brurah 303.27
  18. ↑ Mishna Brurah 125.23
  19. ↑ Shmiras Shabbos K'Hilchosa 14:footnote 152
  20. ↑ Rabbi Heshy Kahn (What's Doing, Greater Connecticut, 3/3/11)
  21. ↑ Igros Moshe O.C. 5:27
  22. ↑ Rabbi Heshy Kahn (What's Doing, Greater Connecticut, 3/3/11)
  23. ↑ Minchas Yitzchok 5:32
  24. ↑ Rabbi Heshy Kahn (What's Doing, Greater Connecticut, 3/3/11)
  25. ↑ M.B. 320:59
  26. ↑ Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata (vol 3, chap 14, note 79)
  27. ↑ Igros Moshe O.C. 1:114
  28. ↑ Rashi (Shabbos 146b D"h Mishchah), Rambam (Shabbat 13:11), Shulchan Aruch 314:11, Mishna Brurah 314:45, Rabbi Heshy Kahn (What's Doing, Greater Connecticut, 3/3/11)
  29. ↑ Rabbi Heshy Kahn (What's Doing, Greater Connecticut, 3/3/11) quoting R' Nosson Kupshitz Shlita
  30. ↑ Rabbi Heshy Kahn (What's Doing, Greater Connecticut, 3/3/11) quoting R' Nosson Kupshitz Shlita
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