When Does Shabbat End?: Difference between revisions
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There are a number of different positions regarding | There are a number of different positions regarding how much time after sunset on [[Shabbat]] day does Shabbat end. | ||
==Introduction== | ==Introduction== | ||
The Shulchan Aruch is of the opinion that Shabbat ends when one is able to see three small stars in the sky that are close in proximity to one another <ref>Shulchan Aruch O.C. 293:2 | The Shulchan Aruch is of the opinion that Shabbat ends when one is able to see three small stars in the sky that are close in proximity to one another (otherwise known as Tzeit HaKochavim) <ref>Shulchan Aruch O.C. 293:2 | ||
The Bei'ur Halacha (ibid.) is of the opinion that even Rabbeinu Tam, who holds that Shabbat should end 72 minutes after sunset (the time it takes to walk 4 mil), would concede that if three small stars in close proximity to each other are visible, Shabbat is over even if 72 minutes have not yet elapsed. | The Bei'ur Halacha (ibid.) is of the opinion that even Rabbeinu Tam (see below), who holds that Shabbat should end 72 minutes after sunset (the time it takes to walk 4 mil), would concede that if three small stars in close proximity to each other are visible, Shabbat is over even if 72 minutes have not yet elapsed. | ||
This is in contrast to Rav Ovadiah Yosef (Shu"t Yabia Omer 2:21) and the Orot HaChaim's opinion that Rabbeinu Tam and Shulchan Aruch are really stating the same position. The Orot HaChaim explains that the stars being mentioned in the Shulchan Aruch are ones that are closer to the western horizon where the sun sets, which apparently take longer to become visible. | This is in contrast to Rav Ovadiah Yosef (Shu"t Yabia Omer 2:21) and the Orot HaChaim's opinion that Rabbeinu Tam and Shulchan Aruch are really stating the same position. The Orot HaChaim explains that the stars being mentioned in the Shulchan Aruch are ones that are closer to the western horizon where the sun sets, which apparently take longer to become visible. | ||
</ref>. This is the widely accepted definition of when Shabbat ends, though there are a variety of opinions as to when this phenomenon actually occurs in a | </ref>. This is the widely accepted definition of when Shabbat ends, though there are a variety of opinions as to when this phenomenon actually occurs in a halachically significant enough way to end Shabbat. Most of these opinions can be subcategorized in one of two major methods of calculation: an astronomical based method or a time based method. | ||
==The Astronomical Method (Rav Tukachinsky)== | ==The Astronomical Method (Rav Tukachinsky)== | ||
According to this position, anything that is stipulated in the Gemara about the amount of time between sunset and | According to this position, anything that is stipulated in the Gemara about the amount of time between sunset and Tzeit HaKochavim is only applicable to Bavel (Babylonia) and Israel during the Tishrei and Nissan equinoxes, not for the rest of the world nor during any other time of the year. The astronomical method uses the time that it takes to see the three small stars in Israel and the position of the sun at the above mentioned times to extrapolate a calculation for when Shabbat should end for the rest of the world. In Jerusalem, during the Tishrei and Nissan equinoxes, it takes approximately 36 minutes after sunset to see these three stars in the sky. At this time, the sun has set 8.5 degrees below the horizon. Therefore, Shabbat ends when the sun has set 8.5 degrees below the horizon in every other location in the world at any other time during the year. <ref>Rabbi Yechiel Michel Tukachinsky, Sefer Bein HaShemashot. Berur Halacha (Zilber) Tinyana Siman. | ||
*Zmanim KHalacha p. 43 quotes Hacham Ovadia as holding that the minutes for Olot do not depend on location but rather shaot zmaniyot. Rabbi Yehuda Levi, author of Zmanim KHalacha, argues with Hacham Ovadia on the same page. He writes that the 72 minutes are not calculated based on the shaot zmaniot and do depend on current location. Rabbi Levi's difficulties stem from the Rambam's language and astronomic calculation. In the Berachot (1:1), Rambam uses a unique Arabic term when referring to alot hashachar, one that is not used in reference to zman Kriyat Shema (Berachot 1:5) or a the time of a mil (Pesachim 3:2). Furthermore, in the winter, it starts to become light earlier than it starts to become light the spring and the fall, despite having shorter shaot zmaniot in the winter; given this reality, it is difficult to justify calculating alot hashachar strictly according to shaot zmaniot. Therefore, Rabbi Levi maintains that alot hashachar's calculation is determined by degrees below the horizon.</ref><ref>In the New York area, this usually takes approximately 40 minutes after sunset at the equinox, and as much as 51 minutes during the summer.</ref> | *Zmanim KHalacha p. 43 quotes Hacham Ovadia as holding that the minutes for Olot do not depend on location but rather shaot zmaniyot. Rabbi Yehuda Levi, author of Zmanim KHalacha, argues with Hacham Ovadia on the same page. He writes that the 72 minutes are not calculated based on the shaot zmaniot and do depend on current location. Rabbi Levi's difficulties stem from the Rambam's language and astronomic calculation. In the Berachot (1:1), Rambam uses a unique Arabic term when referring to alot hashachar, one that is not used in reference to zman Kriyat Shema (Berachot 1:5) or a the time of a mil (Pesachim 3:2). Furthermore, in the winter, it starts to become light earlier than it starts to become light the spring and the fall, despite having shorter shaot zmaniot in the winter; given this reality, it is difficult to justify calculating alot hashachar strictly according to shaot zmaniot. Therefore, Rabbi Levi maintains that alot hashachar's calculation is determined by degrees below the horizon.</ref><ref>In the New York area, this usually takes approximately 40 minutes after sunset at the equinox, and as much as 51 minutes during the summer.</ref> | ||
In light of this determination, the amount of time between sunset | In light of this determination, the amount of time between sunset and Tzeit HaKochavim will vary by locale and is therefore, not uniform. | ||
==The Time Based Method== | ==The Time Based Method== | ||
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===Rabbeinu Tam's Position and Its Derivatives=== | ===Rabbeinu Tam's Position and Its Derivatives=== | ||
There are multiple Gemaras that comment on the the time span between sunset and Tzeit HaKochavim. One of them states that it is the amount of time between sunset and Tzeit HaKochavim is the amount of time it takes to walk 4 mil<ref>Pesachim 94a</ref>, while the other states that it is the amount of time to walk 0.75 mil <ref>Shabbat 35a</ref>. Not only are the Gemarot contradictory, but it is also unclear how long a mil is in time. | |||
There are a number of Rishonim that try to reconcile the different statements, the most notable of the opinions being that of Rabbeinu Tam<ref>quoted in Tosafot on both of these Gemaras</ref> who concludes that there is not one but two sunsets that halacha recognizes. The first of them is the natural sunset, which marks the beginning of the sun's setting. Then, 3.25 mil later, a second, halachic, sunset occurs, lasting for 0.75 mil, after which is Tzeit HaKochavim. The first 3.25 mil, for halachic purposes, is completely considered halachic day, while the final 0.75 mil is ambiguous as to whether is considered halachic day or night (Bein HaShemashot). The Gemara in Pesachim is referring to the time between the first sunset and Tzeit HaKochavim and the Gemara in Shabbat is referring to the time between the second sunset and Tzeit HaKochavim.<ref>The other position is that of Vilna Gaon (Gr"a) who held that there is only 1 sunset at natural sunset. The 0.75 mil the Gemara was referring to is the time that it takes 3 <u>medium</u> sized stars to appear in the sky, which is nighttime on a Torah level. We are then required to wait a longer until 3 <u>small</u> stars to appear to end Shabbat. When the Gemara was speaking about 4 mil, it is referring to when all the stars appear in the sky, which would be relevant for other areas of halacha. (Bei'ur HaGra, Orach Chaim 261:2 s.v. She-hu and Mishna Berurah 293:3)</ref> | |||
For those who follow Rabbeinu Tam's position, Tzeit HaKochavim and the end of Shabbat occurs at a uniform 4 mil after natural sunset for all locales.<ref>Teshuvot V'Hanhagot 1:268</ref> The only difference among the different interpretations of Rabbeinu Tam's position is how long to define a mil, which has ramifications for how long 4 mil would be. | |||
* The most standard of these positions is that a mil is 18 minutes. Therefore, communities should end Shabbat 72 minutes after natural sunset.<ref>18 min/mil x 4 mil = 72 mins</ref> | |||
* <br /> | |||
<!--#According to Sephardim, a Yireh Shamayim should be strict to refrain from Melacha until 72 minutes after sunset like Rabbenu Tam.<ref>Yalkut Yosef 293:3</ref> These 72 minutes are proportional to the length of the day, and do not depend on current location.<ref>Zmanim KHalacha, page 43, quoting Hacham Ovadia zt"l. Hence, 72 minutes would be 1.2 multiplied by the day's shaa zmanit.</ref> | <!--#According to Sephardim, a Yireh Shamayim should be strict to refrain from Melacha until 72 minutes after sunset like Rabbenu Tam.<ref>Yalkut Yosef 293:3</ref> These 72 minutes are proportional to the length of the day, and do not depend on current location.<ref>Zmanim KHalacha, page 43, quoting Hacham Ovadia zt"l. Hence, 72 minutes would be 1.2 multiplied by the day's shaa zmanit.</ref> | ||
#According to Sephardim, it is permitted for someone who keeps Rabbenu Tam time to ask someone who doesn't keep Rabbenu Tam time to do Melacha for him.<ref>Yalkut Yosef 293:11</ref> --> | #According to Sephardim, it is permitted for someone who keeps Rabbenu Tam time to ask someone who doesn't keep Rabbenu Tam time to do Melacha for him.<ref>Yalkut Yosef 293:11</ref> --> | ||
==Sources== | ==Sources== | ||
<references /> | <references /> | ||
[[Category:Shabbat]] | [[Category:Shabbat]] | ||
Revision as of 23:03, 23 July 2020
There are a number of different positions regarding how much time after sunset on Shabbat day does Shabbat end.
Introduction
The Shulchan Aruch is of the opinion that Shabbat ends when one is able to see three small stars in the sky that are close in proximity to one another (otherwise known as Tzeit HaKochavim) [1]. This is the widely accepted definition of when Shabbat ends, though there are a variety of opinions as to when this phenomenon actually occurs in a halachically significant enough way to end Shabbat. Most of these opinions can be subcategorized in one of two major methods of calculation: an astronomical based method or a time based method.
The Astronomical Method (Rav Tukachinsky)
According to this position, anything that is stipulated in the Gemara about the amount of time between sunset and Tzeit HaKochavim is only applicable to Bavel (Babylonia) and Israel during the Tishrei and Nissan equinoxes, not for the rest of the world nor during any other time of the year. The astronomical method uses the time that it takes to see the three small stars in Israel and the position of the sun at the above mentioned times to extrapolate a calculation for when Shabbat should end for the rest of the world. In Jerusalem, during the Tishrei and Nissan equinoxes, it takes approximately 36 minutes after sunset to see these three stars in the sky. At this time, the sun has set 8.5 degrees below the horizon. Therefore, Shabbat ends when the sun has set 8.5 degrees below the horizon in every other location in the world at any other time during the year. [2][3]
In light of this determination, the amount of time between sunset and Tzeit HaKochavim will vary by locale and is therefore, not uniform.
The Time Based Method
Besides for the astronomical method mentioned above, there are many of the opinion that Shabbat ends at an uniform increment of time after sunset in every region of the world.
- There are poskim that made such positions for Israel specifically. The more lenient positions held that Shabbat ends 24 minutes after sunset in the winter and 30 in the summer in Israel.[4] Those who were more stringent held that Shabbat should end 45-50 minutes after sunset in Israel.[5]
Rabbeinu Tam's Position and Its Derivatives
There are multiple Gemaras that comment on the the time span between sunset and Tzeit HaKochavim. One of them states that it is the amount of time between sunset and Tzeit HaKochavim is the amount of time it takes to walk 4 mil[6], while the other states that it is the amount of time to walk 0.75 mil [7]. Not only are the Gemarot contradictory, but it is also unclear how long a mil is in time.
There are a number of Rishonim that try to reconcile the different statements, the most notable of the opinions being that of Rabbeinu Tam[8] who concludes that there is not one but two sunsets that halacha recognizes. The first of them is the natural sunset, which marks the beginning of the sun's setting. Then, 3.25 mil later, a second, halachic, sunset occurs, lasting for 0.75 mil, after which is Tzeit HaKochavim. The first 3.25 mil, for halachic purposes, is completely considered halachic day, while the final 0.75 mil is ambiguous as to whether is considered halachic day or night (Bein HaShemashot). The Gemara in Pesachim is referring to the time between the first sunset and Tzeit HaKochavim and the Gemara in Shabbat is referring to the time between the second sunset and Tzeit HaKochavim.[9]
For those who follow Rabbeinu Tam's position, Tzeit HaKochavim and the end of Shabbat occurs at a uniform 4 mil after natural sunset for all locales.[10] The only difference among the different interpretations of Rabbeinu Tam's position is how long to define a mil, which has ramifications for how long 4 mil would be.
- The most standard of these positions is that a mil is 18 minutes. Therefore, communities should end Shabbat 72 minutes after natural sunset.[11]
Sources
- ↑ Shulchan Aruch O.C. 293:2 The Bei'ur Halacha (ibid.) is of the opinion that even Rabbeinu Tam (see below), who holds that Shabbat should end 72 minutes after sunset (the time it takes to walk 4 mil), would concede that if three small stars in close proximity to each other are visible, Shabbat is over even if 72 minutes have not yet elapsed. This is in contrast to Rav Ovadiah Yosef (Shu"t Yabia Omer 2:21) and the Orot HaChaim's opinion that Rabbeinu Tam and Shulchan Aruch are really stating the same position. The Orot HaChaim explains that the stars being mentioned in the Shulchan Aruch are ones that are closer to the western horizon where the sun sets, which apparently take longer to become visible.
- ↑ Rabbi Yechiel Michel Tukachinsky, Sefer Bein HaShemashot. Berur Halacha (Zilber) Tinyana Siman.
- Zmanim KHalacha p. 43 quotes Hacham Ovadia as holding that the minutes for Olot do not depend on location but rather shaot zmaniyot. Rabbi Yehuda Levi, author of Zmanim KHalacha, argues with Hacham Ovadia on the same page. He writes that the 72 minutes are not calculated based on the shaot zmaniot and do depend on current location. Rabbi Levi's difficulties stem from the Rambam's language and astronomic calculation. In the Berachot (1:1), Rambam uses a unique Arabic term when referring to alot hashachar, one that is not used in reference to zman Kriyat Shema (Berachot 1:5) or a the time of a mil (Pesachim 3:2). Furthermore, in the winter, it starts to become light earlier than it starts to become light the spring and the fall, despite having shorter shaot zmaniot in the winter; given this reality, it is difficult to justify calculating alot hashachar strictly according to shaot zmaniot. Therefore, Rabbi Levi maintains that alot hashachar's calculation is determined by degrees below the horizon.
- ↑ In the New York area, this usually takes approximately 40 minutes after sunset at the equinox, and as much as 51 minutes during the summer.
- ↑ Ketzot HaChoshen 93:2
- ↑ Dinim V'Hanhagot 8:7 in the name of the Chazon Ish. Rav Aharon M'Belz instructed that one should wait 50 minutes after sunset in Israel.
- ↑ Pesachim 94a
- ↑ Shabbat 35a
- ↑ quoted in Tosafot on both of these Gemaras
- ↑ The other position is that of Vilna Gaon (Gr"a) who held that there is only 1 sunset at natural sunset. The 0.75 mil the Gemara was referring to is the time that it takes 3 medium sized stars to appear in the sky, which is nighttime on a Torah level. We are then required to wait a longer until 3 small stars to appear to end Shabbat. When the Gemara was speaking about 4 mil, it is referring to when all the stars appear in the sky, which would be relevant for other areas of halacha. (Bei'ur HaGra, Orach Chaim 261:2 s.v. She-hu and Mishna Berurah 293:3)
- ↑ Teshuvot V'Hanhagot 1:268
- ↑ 18 min/mil x 4 mil = 72 mins
