|
|
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| == The Basics of Koshair ==
| | {{Okay}} |
| ===Bibical prohibition=== | | ==Definition== |
| # The Melacha of Koshair is the binding two pliable items by intertwining them such as through a firm knot or twining threads into rope. <Ref> Mishna Brurah(317:34) quoting the Rambam, Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 51:52 </ref> | | # Separating the chaff from the grain using the force of wind is the Melacha of Zoreh (winnowing). <ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 373) quoting Rabbenu Chananel [[Shabbat]] 74a and Rashi 73a s.v. Zoreh and 73b s.v. Haynu. </ref> This Melacha also includes separating any undesired matter from a food by use of wind. <ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 374) quoting Iglei Tal Zoreah 4 </ref> |
| # A knot that’s forbidden on a Torah level is one that is both (1) professional and (2) is meant to be permanent. <Ref> Shulchan Aruch (317:1) in the opinion of the Rambam and Rif </ref> | | # Separating undesired matter from food by use of artificial wind is also Zoreh. Thus, one may not blow on a mixture of peanuts and their thin outer shells to remove the shells. <ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 374) </ref> |
| ===Rabbinic prohibition=== | | ==Applications using the wind== |
| # A knot that is a professional knot but isn't meant to be permanent or a permanent know which isn't professional is forbidden on a Rabbinic level. <Ref> Shulchan Aruch (317:1) according to the Rambam and Rif, Mishna Brurah (intro to 317) </ref> Some hold that a knot which is permanent even if it's not professional is Biblical prohibited. <Ref> The Rama (317:1) quoting the opinion of Rashi and Rosh </ref> | | # One should not blow against the wind causing the saliva to become mist. <ref>Rama 319:17 based on a Yerushalmi, 39 Melachos (vol 2, pg 375). R’ Akiva Eiger (Sh"t Rabbi Akiva Eiger 20), says that this Yerushalmi is against the Bavli, since the Bavli implies that zoreh is dependent on separating good from bad, which wouldn’t apply to spit, and therefore we don’t hold like the Yerushalmi. R’ Akiva Eiger actually explains that this Yerushalmi means that one is chayiv for zorek meaning throwing not zoreh, when spitting into another reshus. </ref> |
| ===Permissible knots=== | | # One should not shake crumbs out of a tablecloth against the wind.<ref>39 Melachos (vol 2, pg 376) </ref> |
| # A knot that’s not profession and doesn't have any degree of permanence is permissible to tie. A loose knot which isn't meant to last more than 24 hours is permissible. <Ref> The Rama 317:1 quoting Tur and Mordechai; Mishna Brurah (317:6) explains it as anything less than 24 hours. </ref> Some authorities permit even up to 7 days. <Ref> Rama also quotes Kol Bo and Hagot Maymoniyot. Yalkut Yosef (317:6) writes that Sephardim hold like this opinion. </ref> | | # One should not leave musty garments or books in the wind to air them out.<ref>39 Melachos (vol 2, pg 376-7) </ref> |
| # Even if you personally intend to leave it less than 24 hours, if it’s a knot sometimes left permanently by people it’s forbidden Rabbinically to prevent confusion between temporary and permanent knots. <Ref> Magan Avraham (317:20), Kol Sinai (Koshair #3) </ref> | | == Applications of sprays== |
| | # The use of aerosol cans is not in violation of Zoreh, however, one may one spray perfume or deodorant on one's body and not one's clothes.<ref>39 Melachos (vol 2, pg 377) quoting Hilchos Shabbos (Rabbi Eider) who quotes Rav Moshe, Sh"t Minchat Yitzchak 6:26, Chazon Ovadyah (vol 4, pg 242), Sh"t Yabia Omer 3:20</ref> |
| | # One may use the spray attachment to a sink faucet on [[Shabbat]] and it is not a violation of Zoreh. (Because of [[Bishul]] one may only use cold water). <ref>39 Melachos (vol 2, pg 378) </ref> |
| | # One may add cold water to a water vaporizer (which is already running from before [[Shabbat]]).<ref>39 Melachos (vol 2, pg 378-9). Chazon Ovadyah (vol 4, pg 247) writes it is permitted if there's a need.</ref> |
|
| |
|
| ===Tightening=== | | ==Links== |
| # Any knot which is forbidden to tie is also forbidden to tighten. <Ref> Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 15:50 (in new editions 15:53), Kesot HaShulchan (Siman 123, at the end of note 4), Sh"t Az Nidabru 3:22, Sh"t Bear Moshe 6:3 </ref>
| | * [http://www.yutorah.org/lectures/lecture.cfm/706132/Rabbi_Zvi_Sobolofsky/Zoreh_ Zoreh] by Rabbi Zvi Sobolofsky |
| # For example, one may not tighten the double knot of the tzitzit or talit if it became loose. <ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 3, pg 799) </ref>
| | * [http://www.yutorah.org/lectures/lecture.cfm/800084/Rabbi_Ezra_Schwartz/The_melacha_of_zoreh The melacha of zoreh ] by Rabbi Ezra Schwartz |
| | | ==Sources== |
| ==Untying==
| |
| # Any knot that’s permitted to tie is permitted to untie. <Ref> Rama 317:1 </ref>
| |
| | |
| == A bow==
| |
| # A bow-knot, slipknot, or a single-knot isn’t a true Kesher-bind and is permissible even if it does remain in place for a while. <Ref> Shulchan Aruch (317:5) and implied by Rama (317:1), brought by the Yalkut Yosef (317:11) </ref> For example: a ribbon on a gift, a single bind on a shopping bag or garbage liner.
| |
| # It is permitted to tie a slip knot or bow without a underlying knot even if it is tight and meant never to be undone. <Ref>Shulchan Aruch (317:5), Biur Halacha 317:5, Yalkut Yosef (317:11, [[Shabbat]], vol 2, pg 562), The Shabbos Home (Rabbi Simcha Cohen, vol 1, chap 13, pg 207) </ref>
| |
| # After tying a bow knot (a bow on top of a single knot), as is common when tying one's shoes, one may not tie a second bow on top of the bow knot. <ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 3, pg 798) </ref>
| |
| | |
| == A bow on top of a single knot==
| |
| # According to Ashkenazim, it is permissible to tie one's shoelaces or a decorative ribbon on a blouse with a bow on top of a single knot (initial winding) only if it’s meant to be untied within 24 hours. <Ref> Shulchan Aruch (317:5) rules that a bow-knot isn’t a Kesher, on this the Rama adds that a bow on a single knot is permissible. The Mishna Brurah (317:29) qualifies this that it’s only where the single knot isn’t meant to last (more than 24 hours). Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 15:53 (in new edition 15:56), 39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 3, pg 798), and the Shabbos Home (Rabbi Simcha Cohen, vol 1, chap 13, pg 207) concur with the Mishna Brurah. </ref> However, if one doesn't usually untie it within 24 hours (and manages to slip one's foot in and out) it would be forbidden to tie one's shoes on [[Shabbat]]. <ref> 39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 3, pg 798) </ref>According to Sephardim it is permissible even if it isn't meant to be untied within 24 hours, yet it's preferable to make sure to untie it within 7 days. <ref> Yalkut Yosef(317:11), Az Nidabru 6:22, and Rav Ovadyah in Kol Sinai (Koshair #5) rule that some permit even if the single knot is meant to last but says it preferable to be stringent if the knot is meant to last 7 days. </ref>
| |
| # Someone doing the wrapping of an Ashkenaz Sefer Torah (Gelilah) and has to tie a sash around the Torah, it's preferable to just wrap the sash around the Torah and tuck in the end, however, if that's not possible then some are lenient to tie a bow on top of a single knot <Ref> Sh"t Tzitz Eliezer 7:29, Shalmat Chaim 185, Beir Moshe 6:55. </ref> while others are strict unless one is planning on untying it within 24 hours. <ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 15:53 (in new editions 15:56) is strict unless one is planning to untie it within 24 hours, however, in the footnote (15:188) he quotes Rav Shlomo Zalman who said that the minhag is to be lenient.</ref>
| |
| # It is permissible to tie a necktie on [[Shabbat]] if one usually unties it within 24 hours. However if one doesn't usually untie it within 24 hours, one should tie it from before [[Shabbat]] and put it on and take it off by just tightening and loosening the side which goes around the neck, however, one shouldn't untie it on [[Shabbat]]. <ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 15:58 (in new editions 15:62) permits tying a necktie on [[Shabbat]] if one usually unties it within 24 hours. In the footnote 15:208 he quotes Rav Shlomo Zalman. Similarly, 39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 3, pg 795-6) permits as long as one usually unties it after wearing it. See the footnote (Koshair #42) where he quotes Rav Reuven Feinstein who quotes his father Rav Moshe Feinstein that it would be permitted even if one doesn't usually untie it. </ref>
| |
| | |
| ==Single knot==
| |
| # It is forbidden to tie a single knot with one string onto itself. <Ref> Rama (317:1) quoting the Hagot Alfasi, Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata (in the new edition 15:52) </ref>
| |
| ## In situations where it's common to tie a double knot such as the last knot of a tzitzit fringe one may tie a single knot. <ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata (in the new edition 15:53) </ref>
| |
| # It is permitted to tie a single knot in two strands of string even if it is tight and meant never to be undone. <Ref>S”A HaRav 317:1, Yalkut Yosef (317:11, [[Shabbat]], vol 2, pg 562), The Shabbos Home (Rabbi Simcha Cohen, vol 1, chap 13, pg 207) </ref>
| |
| # It is permitted to tie a single knot and then tuck in the ends of the string so that it doesn’t come out only if it is menat to be undone within 24 hours. <Ref> The Shabbos Home (Rabbi Simcha Cohen, vol 1, chap 13, pg 207-8) </ref>
| |
| # One may not add a second knot on top of a preexisting single knot,<ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata (in the new edition 15:53) </ref> nor may one add a third knot onto a double knot in order to tighten it. <ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata (in the new edition 15:53), 39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 3, pg 799) </ref>
| |
| | |
| == Double knots==
| |
| # According to Ashkenazim it is totally forbidden to tie a tight double knot <Ref> Rama (317:1) quoting the Smag, Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata (in the new edition 15:52), 39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 3, pg 792) </ref>, however, the Sephardic custom is to be lenient even regarding a tight double knot if one intends to untie it within 7 days and one who is stirct will be blessed. <ref>Yalkut Yosef (317:8) says that some disagree with the Rama and permit even a double knot as long as it’s not Kesher Shel Kayama according to the Rosh (only Kayama is a factor, not Uman) and concludes the Minhag is to permit and the stringent one will be blessed. But in a case of need there’s no need to be strict. Those who are stringent will be blessed. See also Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 8:45 and Rav Poalim O”C 2:44. </ref>
| |
| # It is permitted to tie a loose double knot if it’s usually not meant to last 24 hours and this time specifically it's also not meant to last 24 hours. <Ref> Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 15:52 (in new edition 15:55), The Shabbos Home (Rabbi Simcha Cohen, vol 1, chap 13, pg 208) </ref> For example, it’s permissible to tie a double knot for a belt (gartel) or sash (tichel) if it’s going to be untied in 24 hours since it’s not meant to be tight. <Ref> Shaarei Teshuva (317:1), Tzitz Eliezer 16:10, Menuchat Ahava 14:5, 39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 3, pg 793) </ref>
| |
| # If unintentionally one pulled the bow-knot of the shoelaces and it became a double knot, one may untie it. <Ref> Mishnat Halachot 3:38, Rav Ovadyah in Kol Sinai (Koshair 3:5), Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 15:56 (in new editions 15:60) </ref>
| |
| # One can untie a double knot that is made on a candy bag given out at shul for a simcha. <Ref> Toldot Yitzchak O”C 2:11 </ref>
| |
| # One may tie a bandage on a wound with a loose double knot if it is meant to be untied within 24 hours. If it is meant to last for more than 24 hours but less than 7 days, one should use a adhesive bandage or a bow knot, however, if that isn't possible then it's permissible. <ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata (in new editions 15:55) </ref>
| |
| # One may tie a head covering with a loose double knot as long as one usually unties it everyday. However, if one usually removes it within untying the knot then it's forbidden to tie it even if this time one's intent is to untie within 24 hours. <ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata (in new editions 15:55) </ref>
| |
| | |
| ==Wrapping a string==
| |
| # It is permitted to wrap a string around an object and then tuck the ends of the string in even if it is meant to be left permanently. <Ref> Rama 651:1, The Shabbos Home (Rabbi Simcha Cohen, vol 1, chap 13, pg 208) </ref>
| |
| | |
| ==Twist ties==
| |
| # Some authorities forbid using wire twist ties to close bags unless one plans to undo it within 24 hours. <ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 14:9 and (15 note 166, in the new edition note 174) quoting Rav Shlomo Zalman </ref> However, others permit. <ref> 39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, Melechat Koshair note 54) quoting Rav Moshe Feinstein </ref> It is praiseworthy to avoid using them if they will remain undone for more than 24 hours. <ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 3, pg 800) </ref>
| |
| | |
| == Fixing clothing ==
| |
| # Socks or gloves that are tied together should be detached before [[Shabbat]], but if one forgot one should untie it but ripe it so as to destroy the string. <Ref> Shemirat [[Shabbat]] Kahilchata 15:63 in name of Rav Shlomo Zalman Aurbach, Az Nidabru 1:58. </ref>
| |
| # One can take out the pins put into shirts in packaging to keep it from wrinkling. <Ref> Shemirat [[Shabbat]] Kahilchata 15:64 in name of Rav Shlomo Zalman Aurbach, Bier Moshe 1:22. </ref>
| |
| # It’s totally permitted to thread new laces into shoes to replace old laces but it’s not permitted if the shoe was never laced. <ref> Rav Ovadya Yosef in the Haskama of Netiv Mitzvot, Mayim Chaim Meshash O”C 1:147, Bier Moshe 2:20(2),6:59, Tefilah LeMoshe 1:58. </ref>
| |
| | |
| ==References== | |
| <references/> | | <references/> |
| | [[Category:Shabbat]] |
