Havdalah and Challah: Difference between pages

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==General Guidelines==
[[Image:Havdalah.jpg|200px|right]]
# The mitzvah of removing Challah is only Biblical in [[Israel]] and when majority of Bnei Yisrael reside in [[Israel]]. There is nonetheless a Rabbinic mitzvah of Challah outside [[Israel]] and in [[Israel]] when there is a minority of Bnei Yisrael in residence there. <reF>Rambam (Bikkurim 5:5-6) writes that The mitzvah of removing Challah is only Biblical in [[Israel]] and when majority of Bnei Yisrael reside in [[Israel]]. There is nonetheless a Rabbinic mitzvah of Challah outside [[Israel]] and in [[Israel]] when there is a minority of Bnei Yisrael in residence there. The Mitzvah of Challah is counted as one of the 613 mitzvot by the Rambam (Sefer HaMitzvot Asin #133) and Sefer HaChinuch (385).</ref>
==Obligation==
# It must be stressed that the Mitzvah of Challah applies to all doughs, not just "Challah Bread"; even dough for baking pastries can be obligated in Challah <ref> R. Shechter, http://www.yutorah.org/lectures/lecture.cfm/802895/Rabbi_Hershel_Schachter/Inyonei_Challah </ref>.
# There's a dispute whether Havdalah is Deorittah or Derabbanan. <ref> Rambam (Hilchot [[Shabbat]] 29:1) writes that the command of "Zachor Et Yom Ha[[Shabbat]]" (Shemot 20:7) includes the positive mitzvahs of [[Kiddish]] and Havdalah every week. Other Rishonim that agree with Rambam include Ravi’ah [[Brachot]] 3:1, Ritvah as quoted by the Nimukei Yosef Pesachim 55, and Sefer Hachinuch Mitvah 31. However, Tosfot (Tosfot Nazir 4a s.v. My Hee in name of Rabbenu Tam) and the Rosh (Sh"t 11:3) hold that Havdalah is Derabbanan. Mishna Brurah 296:1 quotes both opinions and adds that if one said Havdalah in [[Tefillah]] the Havdalah on the wine is certainly Derabbanan.</ref>
===Havdalah for Yom Tov===
# After [[Yom Tov]], which is followed by a regular weekday or a day of [[Chol HaMoed]], one should say Havdalah. However, if a [[Yom Tov]] is followed by a [[Shabbat]], there is no Havdalah. <ref>Mishna Chullin 26b, Gemara [[Shabbat]] 114b, Rambam [[Shabbat]] 5:21 and 29:18, S"A 491:1</ref>
# Havdalah at the end of [[Yom Tov]] only consists of the Bracha of HaMavdil and there is no bracha of [[Besamim]] or Ner. <ref>S"A 491:1, Mishna Brurah 491:1</ref>
==Who is Obligated==
===Women===
There's a dispute whether women are obligated in Havdalah.
# Nonetheless, according to Sephardim women may make the it for themselves. <ref> Sh"t Yechave Daat 4:27. Rambam (Hilchot [[Shabbat]] 29:1) writes that the Havdalah is a positive command just like [[Kiddish]]. [[Maggid]] Mishna (Hilchot [[Shabbat]] 29:1) implies from the Rambam that women are obligated in Havdalah just like they are obligated in [[Kiddish]]. [[Maggid]] Mishna suggests that even according to those who argue on the Rambam, women can be obligated if the rabbis instituted Havdalah to be just like [[Kiddish]]. Orchot Chaim (Hilchot Havdalah 18; quoted by Bet Yosef 296:8) writes that because there's a dispute whether women are obligated women shouldn't make Havdalah for themselves. Nonetheless, S"A 296:8 rules as Stam (anonymous opinion) that women are obligated in Havdalah. </ref>  
# Some Ashkenazim hold that women should not recite [[Havadalah]] for themselves, while many others say that if a woman can not find someone to hear Havdalah from, she should recite Havdalah for herself. <ref> The Rama 296:8 states that women shouldn't recite Havdalah for themselves. The Bach argues that for Ashkenazim there is an additional reason to permit women to make the bracha considering that Ashkenazim allow one to make a bracha even for Mitzvot that one is not obligated in such as [[lulav]]. Magen Avraham 296:11 agrees. Mishna Brurah 296:35 concludes that a woman should not recite Havdalah for herself unless she can't find someone to hear Havdalah from. In 296:36 he writes that certainly a woman should recite it for herself if she can't find someone else to recite for her, or the only person available to say it for her already fulfilled his obligation.  See [http://www.yutorah.org/lectures/lecture.cfm/740210/Rabbi_Aryeh_Lebowitz/Ten_Minute_Halacha_-_Havdalah_for_Women audio shiur] by Rabbi Aryeh Lebowitz.</ref> Some say that a woman can even say the beracha on the fire. <ref> Sh"t Iggerot Moshe CM 2:47:2, Sh"t Tzitz Eliezer 14:43, Sh"t Yechave Daat 4:27 </ref> Others disagree. <ref> Shemirat [[Shabbat]] Kihilchita 58:16 </ref>  
===Children===
# Once a child has reached the age of [[Chinuch]] (5 or 6) the parents should train him in hearing havdalah <ref> Yalkut Yosef Dinei [[Chinuch]] Katan pg. 177 </ref>


==Havdalah in Davening==
==Conditions for Being Obligated in Challah==
# See the [[Atta Chonantanu]] page.
# Any dough made from the 5 grains is obligated in the mitzvah of Challah. <ref>Kitzur S"A 35:1</ref>
# If [[Motzei Shabbat]] is a [[Yom Tov]], in middle of Atta Bechartanu, one should insert VeTodiyanu in place of [[Atta Chonantanu]]. <ref>S"A 491:2, Mishna Brurah 491:4. see [[Atta_Chonantanu#VeTodienu | Vetodienu]] </ref>  
# If the dough or a part of the dough is going to be baked one should separate Challah with a bracha, however, if all of it is going to be cooked or fried one should separate Challah without a bracha.<ref>Kitzur S"A 35:6</ref>
==The order of Havdalah==
# If the dough is kneaded with eggs or fruit juice, there is some doubt as to whether one needs to separate challah; therefore, one should knead into the dough some liquid that is considered a "משקה" [e.g. water, milk, bee's honey, wine, oil], and then one can separate Challah with a Beracha <ref> Kitzur S"A 35:7 </ref>.
# The order of the [[Brachot]] of Havdalah is Yayin (Hagefen), [[Besamim]], Ner (Meorei HaEsh), Havdalah (Hamavdil). <ref>S"A 296:1 </ref>
# The custom is to add several pesukim prior to Havdalah for a good sign. For the full Ashkenazic text see [https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fimage.aish.com%2Fmisc%2Fhavdallah.pdf here]. For the full Sephardic text see [http://www.daat.ac.il/daat/shabat/zmirot/motsaey-2.htm here]. <ref>
* The Ashkenazic custom is to say the following text before Havdalah: הנה אל ישועתי אבטח ולא אפחד כי עזי וזמרת יה יהוה ויהי לי לישועה: ושאבתם מים בששון ממעיני הישועה: ליהוה הישועה על עמך ברכתך סלה: יהוה צבאות עמנו משגב לנו אלהי יעקב סלה: יהוה צבאות אשרי אדם בטח בך: יהוה הושיעה המלך יעננו ביום קראנו: ליהודים היתה אורה ושמחה וששן ויקר, כן תהיה לנו: כוס ישועות אשא ובשם יהוה אקרא:
* The source for the Ashkenazic text is the following: the Rama 296:1 writes that before the Bracha of Havdalah one should say Yishaya 12:2-3, Ester 8:16, Tehillim 116:13. The Aruch HaShulchan 296:8 adds 4 more pesukim after the ones in Yishaya from Tehillim 3:9, 46:8, 84:13, and 20:10. He also adds that after Ester 8:16 one should say 'כן תהיה לנו'.
* The Sephardic custom is to say the following text before Havdalah: כוס ישועות אשא ובשם ה' אקרא: אנא ה' הושיעה נא אנא ה' הצליחה נא: הצליחנו הצליח דרכינו הצליח לימודינו וכו' ושלח ברכה רוחה והצלחה בכל מעשה ידינו כדכתיב ישא ברכה מאת ה' וצדקה מאלהי ישענו: ליהודים היתה אורה ושמחה וששק ויקר: וכתיב ויהי דוד לכל דרכיו משכיל וה' עמו, כן יהיה עמנו תמיד: ונח מצא חן בעיני ה', כן נמצא חן ושכל טוב בעיני אלוקים ואדם: אלהא דמאיר עננו: ואתם הדבקים בה' אלוקיכם חיים כולכם היום:
* The source for the Sephardic text is the following: Yalkut Yosef ([[Shabbat]], vol 1, pg 449-50) writes that the Sephardic minhag is to say the following order before Havdalah: Tehillim 116:13, 118:25, a [[prayer]] beginning with הצליחנו and ending with a Tehillim 24:5, Ester 8:16, Shamuel (vol 1, 18:14), Beresheet 6:8, a [[prayer]] beginning with אלהא דמאיר, and Devarim 4:4. </ref>


==Havdalah recited by the cantor==
==Who is obligated?==
# The cantor recites Havdalah in the synagogue on behalf of those who have no wine or who will not recite Havdalah  for himself in his home. Whoever wishes to can listen to the cantor's Havdalah in the synagogue and fulfill his obligation, even thought the listener is not holding a cup of wine. It is a widespread minhag ion our times for the cantor to recite Havdalah  in synagogue, and there is no need to protest the custom. It should be made clear to the congregation, however, that everyone must recite Havdalah at home on behalf of his family members who have not heard it in the synagogue, even though he himself did hear it. <ref> Yalkut Yosef, Siman 295, Halacha 1 </ref>
# The mitzvah of Challah applies to the owner of the challah who is baking the dough, whether that is a man or a woman. However, the woman has preference over a man in fulfilling this mitzvah as it is particularly relevant for women.<ref>Mishna ([[Shabbat]] 2:6), Kitzur S"A 35:8, Yalkut Yosef YD 328:12</ref>   
# The cantor must sit down when he recites Havdalah  in the synagogue, and all those of he congregation who wish to fulfill their obligation by listening to him must sit while he recites it. <ref> Yalkut Yosef, Siman 295, Halacha 2 </ref>
# The opinion of the Geonim is that whoever recites [[Kiddush]] or Havdalah  must drink at least melo lugmav of the wine, and if he does not he has not fulfilled his obligation of [[Kiddush]] or of Havdalah . This opinion should be followed in practice, and therefore the person who is chosen to recite Havdalah  in the synagogue must be someone who will be able to drink melo lugmav. If the only person capable of reciting Havdalah  is someone who cannot drink that much wine, then he should recite Havdalah , taste a sip of the wine, and then give it to another person who can drink melo lugmav. He should inform that person beforehand that he should have in mind when listening to the blessing of boreh peri hagefen that he will drink from the cup afterward.<ref> Yalkut Yosef, Siman 295, Halacha 3 </ref>
# if someone is not sure whether or not he will have wine available for Havdalah, he should listen to the cantor recite Havdalah in the synagogue, but he should stipulate in his mind that he wishes to fulfill his obligation only if he has no wine at home, but that if he does find wine at home he does not wish to fulfill his obligation in the synagogue. Then, if he finds that there is wine available at home, he may recite Havdalah for himself in accordance with the condition he made. <ref> Yalkut Yosef, Siman 295, Halacha 4 </ref>


==Wine or other drinks==
==Amount of dough necessary==
# If one has wine, wine has precedence over any other drink. <ref>Mishan Brurah 296:8</ref>
# According to Ashkenazim, some say that the minhag is to remove Challah with a bracha when making a dough that is 5 pounds or more and remove Challah without a bracha when making dough that is 3 pounds or more. <Ref>Kitzur S"A 35:1 writes that the amount necessary in order to be obligated in Challah is 43.2 [[KeBaytzim]].[http://www.yutorah.org/lectures/lecture.cfm/777708/Rabbi_Hershel_Schachter/Parsha_Shiur_-_Shelach_5772 Rabbi Hershel Schachter on yutorah.org] (Shiur on Parshat Shalach, min 50) states that the Ashkenazic minhag is to remove Challah with a bracha if the dough is 5 pounds or more and without a bracha if the dough is 3 pounds or more.</ref> Others say that the minhag of Yerushalyim is to take Challah off without a Bracha if the dough is 2.65 pounds (1200 grams) or more and to remove Challah with a Bracha if the dough is 3.67 pounds (1666 grams) or more. <ref> Halichot Shlomo (Moadim vol 2 pg 338 note 54) writes that this was the minhag in Rav Shlomo Zalman’s house and that of Yerushalyim. </ref>
# If one doesn't have wine, one should use Chamar Medina, such as beer or cognac, but one may not use soda, coffee, tea, orange juice, lemonade, or water for Havdalah.<ref>S"A 296:2 writes that one may make Havdalah on beer if it is Chamar Medina or other drinks besides for water. Birkei Yosef 296:3 clarifies that the Shulchan Aruch's language of "or other drinks" didn't mean to include milk and oil, but rather he meant other types of Chamar Medina and exclude water even if the people of the town only drink water. Sh"t Igrot Moshe 2:75 rules that soda is just like water, isn't Chamar Medina, and thus, can not be used for Havdalah. Sh"t Vayan Avraham (Izrael) Siman 34 (pg 63) writes that he remembers in the holocaust the question arose whether lemonade could be used for Havdalah and he concludes that it just like water and can’t be used for Havdalah. Yalkut Yosef 296:8 writes that one may not use coffee, tea, orange juice, or soda for Havdalah, but one if there's no wine in the city, one may use beer or cognac which are considered Chamar Medina.</ref>
# According to Sephardim, one should take off Challah with a bracha when making a dough that is 3.44 pounds (1560 grams) or more and it is a pious practice to remove Challah without a bracha when making a dough that is 2.65 pounds (1200 grams) or more.<Ref>Yalkut Yosef YD 324:6</ref>However, some say that one should only remove Challah with a bracha for dough that is 5.29 pounds (2400 grams) and without a bracha for dough that is 3.67 pounds (1666 grams).<ref>Rav Modechai Eliyahu (comments on Kitzur S"A 35:2</ref>
# It is forbidden to intentionally make less than the minimum amount of dough which would obligate one to separate Challah. However, if one only has a smaller dough, one needn't worry about making less than the minimum amount.<Ref>Yalkut Yosef YD 324:7</ref>
# If one makes less than the amount required in Challah in separate loaves, but then puts them back into the same vessel--the vessel combines these pieces to make a Shi'ur of Challah <ref> Challah 2:4, Kitzur S"A 35:3; see Pesachim 46a-b </ref>.


==Saying Havdalah early==
==Procedure of removing Challah==
# If one is has an extreme need such as a need to travel to the end of the [[Techum]] for the purpose of a mitzvah after [[Shabbat]] one may pray [[Arvit]] starting from Plag [[Mincha]] (ten and three quarter hours into the day). In such a case one may also say Havdalah early but one may not say the Bracha on the candle (Moerei HaEsh). Even in such a case it is certainly forbidden to do Melacha (activity which is forbidden on [[Shabbat]]) until [[Tzet HaKochavim]]. <Ref>S”A 293:3 </ref>
# The text of the Bracha upon removing Challah is "ברוך אתה ה, ' אלוקינו מלך העולם אשר קדשנו במצוותיו וצונו להפריש חלה". <ref>Kitzur S"A 35:1</ref>
# After reciting the above Bracha one should remove a [[Kezayit]] of dough and burn it. The minhag is to burn the piece of dough in the same oven that the bread is baking.<ref>Kitzur S"A 35:1</ref>


==Standing or Sitting for Havdalah==
==Forgot to Remove Challah==
# According to Sephardim, one should sit during Havdalah. However, the Ashkenazic minhag is to stand during [[Havadalah]]. <ref> Tosfot 43a writes that to be included in [[Kiddish]] one should sit and then asks on those who stand during [[Havadalah]] because of the same issue. Therefore, S"A 296:6 rules that one should sit during Havdalah. However, Rama 296:6 and the Gra (Maaseh Rav pg 103, #150) write that the Ashkenazic practice is to stand for Havdalah. Mishna Brurah 296:27 explains that the reason for the Ashkenazic minhag is to escort the [[Shabbat]] queen out and escorting must be done standing. He adds that one can fulfill the obligation of others even when standing because everyone is assembled expressed for that purpose and has Kavana to fulfill their obligation. Rav Moshe Feinstein ([[Teshuva]] Siman 3 quoted in back of Radiance of [[Shabbos]]) writes that his personal minhag was to sit like his father's minhag but because of the rishonim who hold that one may stand one should not change one's minhag. </ref>
# If one forgot to remove Challah Erev [[Shabbos]]: if you are outside of [[Israel]], you leave over a slice, and separate Challah from it after [[Shabbos]]. This slice must be slightly bigger than the Shi'ur Challah. <ref> Kitzur S"A 35:9 </ref>.
# This is a real problem if this happens Erev [[Shabbos]] [[Erev Pesach]] <ref> ibid. </ref>.


==Doing work before making Havdalah==
# Before one says Havdalah, one may not doing any Melacha. If one made Havdalah in [[Tefillah]], one may do Melacha. If one needs to do Melacha before saying Havdalah in [[Tefillah]], one should say "HaMavdil Ben Kodesh LeChol" (which is not a bracha) and then do Melacha. <ref>S"A 299:10. Rav Schachter (Eretz HaTzvi p. 57) permits preparing the wine for Havdalah because [[Hachana]] isn’t considered a Melacha and may be done after [[Shabbat]] before Havdalah. </ref>However, one may not eat until one made Havdalah over a cup of wine.<ref>Mishna Brurah 299:1</ref>
# It is permissible to use a non-religious Jewish taxi driver on [[Motzei Shabbat]] even though the taxi-driver didn't make Havdalah.<ref> Sh"t Tzitz Eliezer 12:37 writes that saying "Have a good week" does not fulfill the mitzvah of Havdalah. Sh"t Tzitz Eliezer 11:34 and 12:38 writes that there's no an issue of asking an non-religious Jew to do work for him after [[Shabbat]] since they aren't going to say Havdalah anyway, the prohibition not to do work before Havdalah doesn't set in. [http://www.dailyhalacha.com/displayRead.asp?readID=308 Rabbi Mansour on dailyhalacha.com] explains this ruling. See also [http://www.yutorah.org/lectures/lecture.cfm/735734/Rabbi_Aryeh_Lebowitz/Taking_a_Taxi_in_Israel_on_Motzai_Shabbos Rabbi Aryeh Lebowitz on yutorah.org].</ref>
==Sources==
==Sources==
<references/>
<references/>
[[Category:Shabbat]]

Revision as of 14:08, 17 February 2014

General Guidelines

  1. The mitzvah of removing Challah is only Biblical in Israel and when majority of Bnei Yisrael reside in Israel. There is nonetheless a Rabbinic mitzvah of Challah outside Israel and in Israel when there is a minority of Bnei Yisrael in residence there. [1]
  2. It must be stressed that the Mitzvah of Challah applies to all doughs, not just "Challah Bread"; even dough for baking pastries can be obligated in Challah [2].

Conditions for Being Obligated in Challah

  1. Any dough made from the 5 grains is obligated in the mitzvah of Challah. [3]
  2. If the dough or a part of the dough is going to be baked one should separate Challah with a bracha, however, if all of it is going to be cooked or fried one should separate Challah without a bracha.[4]
  3. If the dough is kneaded with eggs or fruit juice, there is some doubt as to whether one needs to separate challah; therefore, one should knead into the dough some liquid that is considered a "משקה" [e.g. water, milk, bee's honey, wine, oil], and then one can separate Challah with a Beracha [5].

Who is obligated?

  1. The mitzvah of Challah applies to the owner of the challah who is baking the dough, whether that is a man or a woman. However, the woman has preference over a man in fulfilling this mitzvah as it is particularly relevant for women.[6]

Amount of dough necessary

  1. According to Ashkenazim, some say that the minhag is to remove Challah with a bracha when making a dough that is 5 pounds or more and remove Challah without a bracha when making dough that is 3 pounds or more. [7] Others say that the minhag of Yerushalyim is to take Challah off without a Bracha if the dough is 2.65 pounds (1200 grams) or more and to remove Challah with a Bracha if the dough is 3.67 pounds (1666 grams) or more. [8]
  2. According to Sephardim, one should take off Challah with a bracha when making a dough that is 3.44 pounds (1560 grams) or more and it is a pious practice to remove Challah without a bracha when making a dough that is 2.65 pounds (1200 grams) or more.[9]However, some say that one should only remove Challah with a bracha for dough that is 5.29 pounds (2400 grams) and without a bracha for dough that is 3.67 pounds (1666 grams).[10]
  3. It is forbidden to intentionally make less than the minimum amount of dough which would obligate one to separate Challah. However, if one only has a smaller dough, one needn't worry about making less than the minimum amount.[11]
  4. If one makes less than the amount required in Challah in separate loaves, but then puts them back into the same vessel--the vessel combines these pieces to make a Shi'ur of Challah [12].

Procedure of removing Challah

  1. The text of the Bracha upon removing Challah is "ברוך אתה ה, ' אלוקינו מלך העולם אשר קדשנו במצוותיו וצונו להפריש חלה". [13]
  2. After reciting the above Bracha one should remove a Kezayit of dough and burn it. The minhag is to burn the piece of dough in the same oven that the bread is baking.[14]

Forgot to Remove Challah

  1. If one forgot to remove Challah Erev Shabbos: if you are outside of Israel, you leave over a slice, and separate Challah from it after Shabbos. This slice must be slightly bigger than the Shi'ur Challah. [15].
  2. This is a real problem if this happens Erev Shabbos Erev Pesach [16].

Sources

  1. ↑ Rambam (Bikkurim 5:5-6) writes that The mitzvah of removing Challah is only Biblical in Israel and when majority of Bnei Yisrael reside in Israel. There is nonetheless a Rabbinic mitzvah of Challah outside Israel and in Israel when there is a minority of Bnei Yisrael in residence there. The Mitzvah of Challah is counted as one of the 613 mitzvot by the Rambam (Sefer HaMitzvot Asin #133) and Sefer HaChinuch (385).
  2. ↑ R. Shechter, http://www.yutorah.org/lectures/lecture.cfm/802895/Rabbi_Hershel_Schachter/Inyonei_Challah
  3. ↑ Kitzur S"A 35:1
  4. ↑ Kitzur S"A 35:6
  5. ↑ Kitzur S"A 35:7
  6. ↑ Mishna (Shabbat 2:6), Kitzur S"A 35:8, Yalkut Yosef YD 328:12
  7. ↑ Kitzur S"A 35:1 writes that the amount necessary in order to be obligated in Challah is 43.2 KeBaytzim.Rabbi Hershel Schachter on yutorah.org (Shiur on Parshat Shalach, min 50) states that the Ashkenazic minhag is to remove Challah with a bracha if the dough is 5 pounds or more and without a bracha if the dough is 3 pounds or more.
  8. ↑ Halichot Shlomo (Moadim vol 2 pg 338 note 54) writes that this was the minhag in Rav Shlomo Zalman’s house and that of Yerushalyim.
  9. ↑ Yalkut Yosef YD 324:6
  10. ↑ Rav Modechai Eliyahu (comments on Kitzur S"A 35:2
  11. ↑ Yalkut Yosef YD 324:7
  12. ↑ Challah 2:4, Kitzur S"A 35:3; see Pesachim 46a-b
  13. ↑ Kitzur S"A 35:1
  14. ↑ Kitzur S"A 35:1
  15. ↑ Kitzur S"A 35:9
  16. ↑ ibid.
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