When Does Shabbat End?: Difference between revisions
From Halachipedia
→According to Degrees
| Line 60: | Line 60: | ||
* Rambam Trumot 7:2 according to many versions states explicitly that from sunset until tzeit hakochavim is around 20 minutes. Rav Chaim Kanievsky in Derech Emunah 7:21 concludes that most poskim hold that the Rambam indeed holds like the Geonim and Gra and not Rabbenu Tam. In fnt. 34 he explains that the Rambam held that it is around 20 minutes because he held of the 24 minute mil (Rambam Pirush Mishnayot 9:1, Korban Pesach 5:8) and 3/4 of 24 minutes is 18 minutes.</ref> Some say Rashi holds this as well.<ref>Maharam Alshaker 96 marshals the Rashi Shabbat 35a s.v. karmel as a proof to his position. See Rashba Shabbat 35a and Ramban Torat Adam who endeavor to make the gemara fit with Rabbenu Tam but in doing so reject Rashi, though not necessarily because they thought he disagreed with Rabbenu Tam.</ref> Many achronim and poskim hold of this approach.<ref>Maharam Alshakar 96, Shach YD 266:11, Gra YD 262:9, Gra OC 261, Graz (Piskei Hasiddur), Maharshag 1:38:1, Chazon Ish (Orchot Rabbenu v. 1 p. 127) all cited by Dor Hamelaktim v. 1 p. 413.</ref> Many contemporary poskim state and confirm that the minhag is like the Gra.<ref>Dor Hamelaktim v. 1 p. 415 quotes the Har Tzvi cited in Tzitz Eliezer 17:2:4, Rav Shlomo Zalman Auerbach (Halichot Shlomo Chanuka 16:31), Rav Elyashiv (Tzohar 13:53:3), Tzitz Eliezer 17:2, Yabia Omer 7:41:2, Rav Nevinsal (Byitzchak Yikareh 261:3), and Shemesh Umagen 1:5, 2:18 writes that the minhag is like the Gra.</ref> | * Rambam Trumot 7:2 according to many versions states explicitly that from sunset until tzeit hakochavim is around 20 minutes. Rav Chaim Kanievsky in Derech Emunah 7:21 concludes that most poskim hold that the Rambam indeed holds like the Geonim and Gra and not Rabbenu Tam. In fnt. 34 he explains that the Rambam held that it is around 20 minutes because he held of the 24 minute mil (Rambam Pirush Mishnayot 9:1, Korban Pesach 5:8) and 3/4 of 24 minutes is 18 minutes.</ref> Some say Rashi holds this as well.<ref>Maharam Alshaker 96 marshals the Rashi Shabbat 35a s.v. karmel as a proof to his position. See Rashba Shabbat 35a and Ramban Torat Adam who endeavor to make the gemara fit with Rabbenu Tam but in doing so reject Rashi, though not necessarily because they thought he disagreed with Rabbenu Tam.</ref> Many achronim and poskim hold of this approach.<ref>Maharam Alshakar 96, Shach YD 266:11, Gra YD 262:9, Gra OC 261, Graz (Piskei Hasiddur), Maharshag 1:38:1, Chazon Ish (Orchot Rabbenu v. 1 p. 127) all cited by Dor Hamelaktim v. 1 p. 413.</ref> Many contemporary poskim state and confirm that the minhag is like the Gra.<ref>Dor Hamelaktim v. 1 p. 415 quotes the Har Tzvi cited in Tzitz Eliezer 17:2:4, Rav Shlomo Zalman Auerbach (Halichot Shlomo Chanuka 16:31), Rav Elyashiv (Tzohar 13:53:3), Tzitz Eliezer 17:2, Yabia Omer 7:41:2, Rav Nevinsal (Byitzchak Yikareh 261:3), and Shemesh Umagen 1:5, 2:18 writes that the minhag is like the Gra.</ref> | ||
The application of the Gra's opinion of 3/4 mil practically is generally understood to be done by degrees below horizon. The reason for this opinion is that it would account for the difference in the places of the world and standardize how dark it is to be considered nighttime. This is the approach of myzmanim, Rav Tukachinsky, Rav Schachter, and Rav Belksy.<ref>Gra 261:12 states that the time for nightfall depends on one's location and the Gemara was only talking about the horizon in Bavel. Birur Halacha Tinyana p. 96 advocates for this position of extrapolating times based on degrees below horizon.</ref> | The application of the Gra's opinion of 3/4 mil practically is generally understood to be done by degrees below horizon. The reason for this opinion is that it would account for the difference in the places of the world and standardize how dark it is to be considered nighttime. This is the approach of myzmanim, Rav Tukachinsky, Rav Schachter, and Rav Belksy.<ref>Gra 261:12 states that the time for nightfall depends on one's location and the Gemara was only talking about the horizon in Bavel. Birur Halacha Tinyana p. 96 advocates for this position of extrapolating times based on degrees below horizon. | ||
* Rav Shternbuch in Teshuvot Vehanhagot 1:268 and 2:167 writes that for Rabbenu Tam potentially the consideration is not the illumination in the sky and it is completely based on the mil, either with fixed or zmaniyot minutes. However, in discussing the Gra he quotes Rav Yona Merzbach who uses degrees to calculate Tzeit. | |||
* Zmanim Bhavana pp. 139-140 quotes the Divrei Yatziv OC 110:12 and Rav Henkin (letter to author of Zmanei Hayom Bhalacha) who hold that one can not use degrees below horizon since that was not used from the days of Moshe Rabbenu and the Gemara until it was scientifically discovered in the 1800s. However, he also quotes many poskim who accept using degrees including Rav Dovid Tzvi Hoffman, Rav Levi Yitzchak Greenwald from Tzelem, Rav Yakov Yitzchak Neiman (Agur Bohalecha Olamim 1:30, 2:128), Rav Yechiel Michel Zilber (Birur Halacha Tinyana p. 96), Rav Sarya Debelisky. Or Hameir p. 315 by Rabbi Meir Posen also write that one can use degrees since it is more accurate to determine how much illumination is in the sky. He supports this with his understanding of the Gra OC 261 and YD 266, Rambam cited by Bet Dovid, R' Yashar from Canada cited by Tosfot Yom Tov, and Minchat Cohen 2:5. The main point is that really we're all measuring the illumination in the sky at a certain time to determine tzeit. The measurement chazal gave was using the mil because that was how they measured. The primary consideration is whether sky is dark and the stars appear and not the mil. Therefore, if we can determine the darkness in the sky and appearance of stars using degrees and apply it all year and globally that's more accurate and better. The Minchat Cohen in fact allowed following the stars even if it isn't 4 mil even according to Rabbenu Tam. </ref> | |||
==Halacha== | ==Halacha== | ||
