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Making Early Shabbat: Difference between revisions

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==When does [[Shabbat]] start?==
==When does [[Shabbat]] start?==
# It is absolutely forbidden to do any Melacha (activities forbidden on [[Shabbat]]) after sunset on Friday. (See footnote for background)<ref>
# It is absolutely forbidden to do any Melacha (activities forbidden on [[Shabbat]]) after sunset on Friday. (See footnote for background)<ref>
* S"A 261:2 writes that one should accept shabbat early during the time between Shekiyah (sunset) and [[Ben HaShemashot]] (twilight) to fulfill the mitzvah of Tofeset [[Shabbat]]. S"A explains that this time period is the length of time it takes to walk 3.25 mil. Then [[Ben HaShemashot]] (twilight) lasts for a period of 3/4 of a mil which is followed by [[Tzet HaCochavim]] (emergence of the stars). For this discussion, we're assuming that a mil is considered 18 minutes like the ruling of S"A 459:2 and Mishna Brurah 459:15. If so, S"A holds that one must accept [[Shabbat]] 13.5 minutes before [[Tzet HaCochavim]] which is 58.5 minutes after Shekiyah.  
* S"A 261:2 writes that one should accept shabbat early during the time between Shekiyah (sunset) and [[Ben HaShemashot]] (twilight) to fulfill the mitzvah of Tofeset [[Shabbat]]. S"A explains that this time period is the length of time it takes to walk 3.25 mil. Then [[Ben HaShemashot]] (twilight) lasts for a period of 3/4 of a mil which is followed by [[Tzet HaKochavim]] (emergence of the stars). For this discussion, we're assuming that a mil is considered 18 minutes like the ruling of S"A 459:2 and Mishna Brurah 459:15. If so, S"A holds that one must accept [[Shabbat]] 13.5 minutes before [[Tzet HaKochavim]] which is 58.5 minutes after Shekiyah.  
* However, Mishna Brurah 261:23 quotes many Rishonim and the Gra who hold that between Sheiyah and [[Tzet HaCochavim]] there is a short [[Ben HaShemashot]] of 3/4 of a mil (13.5 minutes) and afterwards it's considered nighttime Deoraitta. According this opinion the Mishna Brurah writes that one may absolutely stop doing Melacha (activities forbidden on [[Shabbat]]) before Shekiyah.  
* However, Mishna Brurah 261:23 quotes many Rishonim and the Gra who hold that between Sheiyah and [[Tzet HaKochavim]] there is a short [[Ben HaShemashot]] of 3/4 of a mil (13.5 minutes) and afterwards it's considered nighttime Deoraitta. According this opinion the Mishna Brurah writes that one may absolutely stop doing Melacha (activities forbidden on [[Shabbat]]) before Shekiyah.  
* The 39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 1, pg 145) writes that the accepted practice is in accordance with the Gra and so it's strictly forbidden from doing Melacha from the time of Shekiyah. Yalkut Yosef ([[Shabbat]], vol 1, pg 128) agrees. </ref>
* The 39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 1, pg 145) writes that the accepted practice is in accordance with the Gra and so it's strictly forbidden from doing Melacha from the time of Shekiyah. Yalkut Yosef ([[Shabbat]], vol 1, pg 128) agrees. </ref>


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* Gemara [[Shabbat]] 118b quotes Rabbi Yose who prayed to have his portion among the people of Teveriyah who accepted [[Shabbat]] early. Rashi (D”H MeMachnisei) explains that since Teveriyah was in a valley and the sun appeared to set earlier the people would accept [[Shabbat]] early. Additionally, in Gemara Pesachim 105b Rav Nachman Bar Yitchak says that going into [[Shabbat]] the earlier one accepts [[Shabbat]] the better. Rashbam (D”H Ayulei) explains that it’s preferable because one is showing a love for the mitzvah to do it early and Zarizin Makdimin LeMitzvot (the enthusiastic are eager to do מצות early).  
* Gemara [[Shabbat]] 118b quotes Rabbi Yose who prayed to have his portion among the people of Teveriyah who accepted [[Shabbat]] early. Rashi (D”H MeMachnisei) explains that since Teveriyah was in a valley and the sun appeared to set earlier the people would accept [[Shabbat]] early. Additionally, in Gemara Pesachim 105b Rav Nachman Bar Yitchak says that going into [[Shabbat]] the earlier one accepts [[Shabbat]] the better. Rashbam (D”H Ayulei) explains that it’s preferable because one is showing a love for the mitzvah to do it early and Zarizin Makdimin LeMitzvot (the enthusiastic are eager to do מצות early).  
* How early can one accept [[Shabbat]] and light candles? Gemara Brachot 27a-b records the practice of Rav to pray Arvit early on Friday afternoon. Tosfot (Brachot 27a D”H DeRav) understands that this practice of accepting [[Shabbat]] early and lighting [[Shabbat]] candles early is only permitted starting from Plag Mincha (ten and three quarter hours). Rabbenu Yonah (Brachot 18b D”H Rav Tzali), Mordechai (Brachot Siman 90), and Rosh (Brachot 4:6) agree. [This is how the Bet Yosef 263:4 and 267:2 understands the above Rishonim.]
* How early can one accept [[Shabbat]] and light candles? Gemara Brachot 27a-b records the practice of Rav to pray Arvit early on Friday afternoon. Tosfot (Brachot 27a D”H DeRav) understands that this practice of accepting [[Shabbat]] early and lighting [[Shabbat]] candles early is only permitted starting from Plag Mincha (ten and three quarter hours). Rabbenu Yonah (Brachot 18b D”H Rav Tzali), Mordechai (Brachot Siman 90), and Rosh (Brachot 4:6) agree. [This is how the Bet Yosef 263:4 and 267:2 understands the above Rishonim.]
* How early can one say Shema? The Rabbenu Yonah (18b D”H Rav Tzali) and Rosh (Brachot 4:6) add that one who prays Arvit early should only say [[Shemoneh Esrei]] early and say Brachot Shema and Shema after [[Tzet HaCochavim]]. Even though one is losing out on juxtaposing Shema to [[Shemoneh Esrei]] it’s preferable to accept [[Shabbat]] early because of the mitzvah to add from the week onto [[Shabbat]]. The Rambam (Tefillah 3:7) agrees that it’s an issue to separate Shema from [[Shemoneh Esrei]] against the Raavad.  
* How early can one say Shema? The Rabbenu Yonah (18b D”H Rav Tzali) and Rosh (Brachot 4:6) add that one who prays Arvit early should only say [[Shemoneh Esrei]] early and say Brachot Shema and Shema after [[Tzet HaKochavim]]. Even though one is losing out on juxtaposing Shema to [[Shemoneh Esrei]] it’s preferable to accept [[Shabbat]] early because of the mitzvah to add from the week onto [[Shabbat]]. The Rambam (Tefillah 3:7) agrees that it’s an issue to separate Shema from [[Shemoneh Esrei]] against the Raavad.  
* The S”A 235:1 concludes that even though the halacha accepts the opinions that one doesn’t fulfill Shema before [[Tzet HaCochavim]] if one is praying in a minyan which is praying Arvit before [[Tzet HaCochavim]] one should still pray Shema with the Brachot together with the minyan and repeat Shema after [[Tzet HaCochavim]]. (See further discussion there). </ref> Acceptance of [[Shabbat]] before that time is null and void. <Ref>Mishna Brurah 267:4 </ref>
* The S”A 235:1 concludes that even though the halacha accepts the opinions that one doesn’t fulfill Shema before [[Tzet HaKochavim]] if one is praying in a minyan which is praying Arvit before [[Tzet HaKochavim]] one should still pray Shema with the Brachot together with the minyan and repeat Shema after [[Tzet HaKochavim]]. (See further discussion there). </ref> Acceptance of [[Shabbat]] before that time is null and void. <Ref>Mishna Brurah 267:4 </ref>
===Saying Kiddush after making early Shabbat===
===Saying Kiddush after making early Shabbat===
# One is permitted to do Kiddish and the Friday night meal before nightfall, however it's preferable to have at least a Kezayit of food after nightfall. <ref> Bach 473 writes that one can't have the [[Shabbat]] meal before nightfall. However, Taz argues and permits having a meal before nightfall. Chaye Adam ([[Shabbat]] 6:2) and Mishna Berurah 267:5 rule that one can have one's meal early but one should preferably have a Kezayit of food after nightfall to satisfy the opinion of the Bach. </ref>
# One is permitted to do Kiddish and the Friday night meal before nightfall, however it's preferable to have at least a Kezayit of food after nightfall. <ref> Bach 473 writes that one can't have the [[Shabbat]] meal before nightfall. However, Taz argues and permits having a meal before nightfall. Chaye Adam ([[Shabbat]] 6:2) and Mishna Berurah 267:5 rule that one can have one's meal early but one should preferably have a Kezayit of food after nightfall to satisfy the opinion of the Bach. </ref>
# If one accepted [[Shabbat]] early one may say Kiddush <Ref> In Gemara Brachot 27b Shmuel says that if one accepted [[Shabbat]] early one may make Kiddish early (before nighttime). This is brought as halacha by the Rif (Brachot 18b, on the bottom), Rosh (Brachot 4:6, at the end), and Rambam ([[Shabbat]] 29:11). The S”A 267:2 writes that one may even before nighttime implying that one may make Kiddish early. The Mishna Brurah 267:5 writes explicitly that one may make Kiddish before nighttime.  
# If one accepted [[Shabbat]] early one may say Kiddush <Ref> In Gemara Brachot 27b Shmuel says that if one accepted [[Shabbat]] early one may make Kiddish early (before nighttime). This is brought as halacha by the Rif (Brachot 18b, on the bottom), Rosh (Brachot 4:6, at the end), and Rambam ([[Shabbat]] 29:11). The S”A 267:2 writes that one may even before nighttime implying that one may make Kiddish early. The Mishna Brurah 267:5 writes explicitly that one may make Kiddish before nighttime.  
* [The Mishna Brurah 267:5 writes the reason one may make Kiddish before nightfall is because the acceptance of [[Shabbat]] early makes it considered as if it was already [[Shabbat]]. See Yalkut Yosef ([[Shabbat]] vol 1 pg 201-4) who discusses how the Rambam could hold of this considering that he omits the entire idea of Tosefet [[Shabbat]] (accepting [[Shabbat]] early).] </ref> and eat the Friday night meal before nighttime. However, some argue that one doesn’t fulfill one’s obligation before nighttime and so some say one shouldn’t start one’s meal until [[Tzet HaCochavim]] and some say that one should eat at least a Kezayit of bread after nightfall. <Ref>The Bet Yosef 267:2 quotes the Mahari Avuhav who infers from the Rosh who says that one should wait to have Matza on Pesach after nightfall that on a regular [[Shabbat]] one could fulfill one’s obligation of the [[Shabbat]] meal before nighttime. The Magan Avraham 267:1 (at the end) agrees that from many Rishonim it’s implied that one who makes early [[Shabbat]] may have one’s meal early, however, the Shelah and Bach say that one must have at least a Kezayit of bread after [[Tzet HaCochavim]]. Mishna Brurah 267:5 rules that preferably one should be concerned for the strict opinions to have at least a Kezayit of bread after nightfall. Yalkut Yosef ([[Shabbat]] vol 1 pg 201-4) agrees that preferably one should be concerned for the strict opinions one’s entire meal after nightfall. </ref>
* [The Mishna Brurah 267:5 writes the reason one may make Kiddish before nightfall is because the acceptance of [[Shabbat]] early makes it considered as if it was already [[Shabbat]]. See Yalkut Yosef ([[Shabbat]] vol 1 pg 201-4) who discusses how the Rambam could hold of this considering that he omits the entire idea of Tosefet [[Shabbat]] (accepting [[Shabbat]] early).] </ref> and eat the Friday night meal before nighttime. However, some argue that one doesn’t fulfill one’s obligation before nighttime and so some say one shouldn’t start one’s meal until [[Tzet HaKochavim]] and some say that one should eat at least a Kezayit of bread after nightfall. <Ref>The Bet Yosef 267:2 quotes the Mahari Avuhav who infers from the Rosh who says that one should wait to have Matza on Pesach after nightfall that on a regular [[Shabbat]] one could fulfill one’s obligation of the [[Shabbat]] meal before nighttime. The Magan Avraham 267:1 (at the end) agrees that from many Rishonim it’s implied that one who makes early [[Shabbat]] may have one’s meal early, however, the Shelah and Bach say that one must have at least a Kezayit of bread after [[Tzet HaKochavim]]. Mishna Brurah 267:5 rules that preferably one should be concerned for the strict opinions to have at least a Kezayit of bread after nightfall. Yalkut Yosef ([[Shabbat]] vol 1 pg 201-4) agrees that preferably one should be concerned for the strict opinions one’s entire meal after nightfall. </ref>
#Some poskim permit saying kiddush and eating the meal before [[Mariv/Arvit|Arvit]] as long as the meal begins a half hour before [[Tzet HaKochavim]] <ref> Mishna Berura 271:11 quoting the Magen Avraham,</ref> while others say that it isn't proper. <ref> Kaf Hachayim 271:22 and 272:3 says that it is not proper to do these mitzvot out of sequence. The Gra in Maasei Rav 117 also says that it is forbidden for more than just kabbalistic reasons. </ref>
#Some poskim permit saying kiddush and eating the meal before [[Mariv/Arvit|Arvit]] as long as the meal begins a half hour before [[Tzet HaKochavim]] <ref> Mishna Berura 271:11 quoting the Magen Avraham,</ref> while others say that it isn't proper. <ref> Kaf Hachayim 271:22 and 272:3 says that it is not proper to do these mitzvot out of sequence. The Gra in Maasei Rav 117 also says that it is forbidden for more than just kabbalistic reasons. </ref>
===Starting one's meal after making early Shabbat===
===Starting one's meal after making early Shabbat===
# If one prayed Arvit if there’s more than a half hour before [[Tzet HaCochavim]] one may begin one’s meal, however, if there’s less than a half hour one shouldn’t begin one’s meal, however, those who do have what to rely on. Whether or not one began one’s [[Shabbat]] meal early one should make sure to repeat Shema after [[Tzet HaCochavim]].<ref>  
# If one prayed Arvit if there’s more than a half hour before [[Tzet HaKochavim]] one may begin one’s meal, however, if there’s less than a half hour one shouldn’t begin one’s meal, however, those who do have what to rely on. Whether or not one began one’s [[Shabbat]] meal early one should make sure to repeat Shema after [[Tzet HaKochavim]].<ref>  
* The Bet Yosef 267:2 asks that even if one is permitted to have one’s [[Shabbat]] meal before nighttime how could it permitted to eat before saying Shema. The Bet Yosef answers that even though we hold that one doesn’t fulfill Shema until [[Tzet HaCochavim]] since many opinions hold that one may fulfill saying Shema earlier it’s not considered like eating before having said Shema.  
* The Bet Yosef 267:2 asks that even if one is permitted to have one’s [[Shabbat]] meal before nighttime how could it permitted to eat before saying Shema. The Bet Yosef answers that even though we hold that one doesn’t fulfill Shema until [[Tzet HaKochavim]] since many opinions hold that one may fulfill saying Shema earlier it’s not considered like eating before having said Shema.  
* The Magan Avraham 267:2 argues on the Bet Yosef and says that since one didn’t fulfill Shema one may begin one’s meal within a half hour of [[Tzet HaCochavim]].  
* The Magan Avraham 267:2 argues on the Bet Yosef and says that since one didn’t fulfill Shema one may begin one’s meal within a half hour of [[Tzet HaKochavim]].  
* Mishna Brurah 267:6 rules that if there’s less than a half hour before [[Tzet HaCochavim]] one shouldn’t begin one’s meal because according to many opinions one hasn’t fulfilled one’s obligation of Shema, however, those who do begin the meal at that time have what to rely on. Nonetheless, concludes Mishna Brurah, whether or not one eats one’s meal early one must make sure to repeat Shema after [[Tzet HaCochavim]]. Yalkut Yosef ([[Shabbat]] vol 1 pg 201-4) agrees that one should make sure to start one’s meal before a half hour before [[Tzet HaCochavim]]. </ref>
* Mishna Brurah 267:6 rules that if there’s less than a half hour before [[Tzet HaKochavim]] one shouldn’t begin one’s meal because according to many opinions one hasn’t fulfilled one’s obligation of Shema, however, those who do begin the meal at that time have what to rely on. Nonetheless, concludes Mishna Brurah, whether or not one eats one’s meal early one must make sure to repeat Shema after [[Tzet HaKochavim]]. Yalkut Yosef ([[Shabbat]] vol 1 pg 201-4) agrees that one should make sure to start one’s meal before a half hour before [[Tzet HaKochavim]]. </ref>
===Praying Mincha after accepting Shabbat===
===Praying Mincha after accepting Shabbat===
# Once one accepts [[Shabbat]] one may not pray [[Mincha]] of Friday but rather one must pray Mariv twice (for Tashlumin). <ref>S"A 263:15. Avnei Yashfei 1:56 quotes Rav Yosef Shalom Elyashiv as saying that if one didn't actively accept shabbat you can still daven [[Mincha]] afterwards because you haven't officially taken on shabbat. </ref>
# Once one accepts [[Shabbat]] one may not pray [[Mincha]] of Friday but rather one must pray Mariv twice (for Tashlumin). <ref>S"A 263:15. Avnei Yashfei 1:56 quotes Rav Yosef Shalom Elyashiv as saying that if one didn't actively accept shabbat you can still daven [[Mincha]] afterwards because you haven't officially taken on shabbat. </ref>