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Making Early Shabbat: Difference between revisions

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==When does [[Shabbat]] start?==
==When does [[Shabbat]] start?==
# It is absolutely forbidden to do any Melacha (activities forbidden on [[Shabbat]]) after sunset on Friday. (See footnote for background)<ref>
# It is absolutely forbidden to do any Melacha (activities forbidden on [[Shabbat]]) after sunset on Friday. (See footnote for background)<ref>
* S"A 261:2 writes that one should accept [[shabbat]] early during the time between [[Shekiyah]] (sunset) and [[Bein HaShemashot]] (twilight) to fulfill the mitzvah of Tofeset [[Shabbat]]. S"A explains that this time period is the length of time it takes to walk 3.25 [[mil]]. Then [[Bein HaShemashot]] (twilight) lasts for a period of 3/4 of a [[mil]] which is followed by [[Tzet HaKochavim]] (emergence of the stars). For this discussion, we're assuming that a [[mil]] is considered 18 minutes like the ruling of S"A 459:2 and Mishna Brurah 459:15. If so, S"A holds that one must accept [[Shabbat]] 13.5 minutes before [[Tzet HaKochavim]] which is 58.5 minutes after [[Shekiyah]].  
* Shulchan Aruch 261:2 writes that one should accept [[shabbat]] early during the time between [[Shekiyah]] (sunset) and [[Bein HaShemashot]] (twilight) to fulfill the mitzvah of Tofeset [[Shabbat]]. Shulchan Aruch explains that this time period is the length of time it takes to walk 3.25 [[mil]]. Then [[Bein HaShemashot]] (twilight) lasts for a period of 3/4 of a [[mil]] which is followed by [[Tzet HaKochavim]] (emergence of the stars). For this discussion, we're assuming that a [[mil]] is considered 18 minutes like the ruling of Shulchan Aruch 459:2 and Mishna Brurah 459:15. If so, Shulchan Aruch holds that one must accept [[Shabbat]] 13.5 minutes before [[Tzet HaKochavim]] which is 58.5 minutes after [[Shekiyah]].  
* However, Mishna Brurah 261:23 quotes many Rishonim and the Gra who hold that between Sheiyah and [[Tzet HaKochavim]] there is a short [[Bein HaShemashot]] of 3/4 of a [[mil]] (13.5 minutes) and afterwards it's considered nighttime Deoraitta. According this opinion the Mishna Brurah writes that one may absolutely stop doing Melacha (activities forbidden on [[Shabbat]]) before [[Shekiyah]].  
* However, Mishna Brurah 261:23 quotes many Rishonim and the Gra who hold that between Sheiyah and [[Tzet HaKochavim]] there is a short [[Bein HaShemashot]] of 3/4 of a [[mil]] (13.5 minutes) and afterwards it's considered nighttime Deoraitta. According this opinion the Mishna Brurah writes that one may absolutely stop doing Melacha (activities forbidden on [[Shabbat]]) before [[Shekiyah]].  
* Baal Hatanya, Siddur:Seder Kabalat [[Shabbat]], writes that Shkiyah starts approximately 6 minutes after sea-level shkiyah (generally considered shkiyah)and then the 3/4 of a [[mil]] start. However, he holds that a [[mil]] is twenty four minutes so 3/4 of a [[mil]] is 18 minutes. Obviously, this applies to Jerusalem during the spring and fall equinox and would fluctuate accordingly throughout the world and various seasons. See there that in Russia it is approximately 34 minutes after shkiyah.
* Baal Hatanya, Siddur:Seder Kabalat [[Shabbat]], writes that Shkiyah starts approximately 6 minutes after sea-level shkiyah (generally considered shkiyah)and then the 3/4 of a [[mil]] start. However, he holds that a [[mil]] is twenty four minutes so 3/4 of a [[mil]] is 18 minutes. Obviously, this applies to Jerusalem during the spring and fall equinox and would fluctuate accordingly throughout the world and various seasons. See there that in Russia it is approximately 34 minutes after shkiyah.
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==Tosefet [[Shabbat]] (the mitzvah of accepting [[Shabbat]] early)==
==Tosefet [[Shabbat]] (the mitzvah of accepting [[Shabbat]] early)==
# It is a mitzvah to accept [[Shabbat]] early and add from the weekdays onto [[Shabbat]]. <ref> Gemara [[Rosh Hashana]] 9a learns from Vayikra 23:32 that there is an obligation to add from the weekday onto [[Yom Kippur]] called Tosefet [[Shabbat]]. The gemara then continues to include all other [[holidays]] and [[Shabbat]] in this halacha. (This also appears in Yoma 81b). S"A 263:2 brings this as halacha. Beiur Halacha 261:2 "yeish omrim" quotes several poskim that believe that tosefet [[shabbat]] is a mitzva from the torah. Included in this is the Or Zarua Hilchot Erev [[Shabbat]] 20 Rambam as well as the Tur however do not mention the idea of Tosefet [[Shabbat]] anywhere. [[Maggid]] Mishneh in Hilchot Shvitat Esor 1:6, is quoted by the Beiur Halacha 261:2 "yeish omrim," as explaining it to be rabbinic according to the Rambam. The Kessef Mishne Hilchot [[Shabbat]] 4:3 says that the Rambam rejects the idea of adding on to [[shabbat]] entirely even midirabanan. </ref> The Torah states "Veshameru Beneh Yisrael Et Hashabbat La'asot Et Hashabbat." The Or Hachaim hints to an explanation of "La'asot Et Hashabbat" that describes the halacha of tosefet [[shabbat]]. Therefore, tosefet [[shabbat]] fulfills the obligation of "La'asot Et Hashabbat." <ref> Shemot (31:16) and the Or Hachaim on Shemot (31:16) </ref> This mitzva appllies to both men and women. <ref> Kaf Hachayim 261:16. Az Nidberu quotes the Ktav Sofer 56 who agrees. </ref>
# It is a mitzvah to accept [[Shabbat]] early and add from the weekdays onto [[Shabbat]]. <ref> Gemara [[Rosh Hashana]] 9a learns from Vayikra 23:32 that there is an obligation to add from the weekday onto [[Yom Kippur]] called Tosefet [[Shabbat]]. The gemara then continues to include all other [[holidays]] and [[Shabbat]] in this halacha. (This also appears in Yoma 81b). Shulchan Aruch 263:2 brings this as halacha. Beiur Halacha 261:2 "yeish omrim" quotes several poskim that believe that tosefet [[shabbat]] is a mitzva from the torah. Included in this is the Or Zarua Hilchot Erev [[Shabbat]] 20 Rambam as well as the Tur however do not mention the idea of Tosefet [[Shabbat]] anywhere. [[Maggid]] Mishneh in Hilchot Shvitat Esor 1:6, is quoted by the Beiur Halacha 261:2 "yeish omrim," as explaining it to be rabbinic according to the Rambam. The Kessef Mishne Hilchot [[Shabbat]] 4:3 says that the Rambam rejects the idea of adding on to [[shabbat]] entirely even midirabanan. </ref> The Torah states "Veshameru Beneh Yisrael Et Hashabbat La'asot Et Hashabbat." The Or Hachaim hints to an explanation of "La'asot Et Hashabbat" that describes the halacha of tosefet [[shabbat]]. Therefore, tosefet [[shabbat]] fulfills the obligation of "La'asot Et Hashabbat." <ref> Shemot (31:16) and the Or Hachaim on Shemot (31:16) </ref> This mitzva appllies to both men and women. <ref> Kaf Hachayim 261:16. Az Nidberu quotes the Ktav Sofer 56 who agrees. </ref>
# [[Mincha]] should be scheduled at least 20-25 minutes before sunset so that you can finish before sunset and everybody could fulfill the mitzva. <ref> Shemirat [[Shabbat]] Kihilchita 46:5. </ref> If the [[minyan]] starts late so that it won't be able to accept [[shabbat]] before sunset, one should do it after his silent shmoneh esrei, and still answer [[kedusha]] afterwards. <ref> Rabbi Doniel Neustadt (http://www.torah.org/advanced/weekly-halacha/5762/lechlecha.html) writes that one should accept [[shabbat]] early after the silent shemona esreh. He adds that one may still answer [[kedusha]] based on Tzitz Eliezer 10:15(1) and Yabia Omer 6:21(3) who hold that even after one said [[maariv]] on Friday night one is allowed to answer [[kedusha]] of a [[minyan]] saying [[kedusha]] of [[mincha]]. </ref>
# [[Mincha]] should be scheduled at least 20-25 minutes before sunset so that you can finish before sunset and everybody could fulfill the mitzva. <ref> Shemirat [[Shabbat]] Kihilchita 46:5. </ref> If the [[minyan]] starts late so that it won't be able to accept [[shabbat]] before sunset, one should do it after his silent shmoneh esrei, and still answer [[kedusha]] afterwards. <ref> Rabbi Doniel Neustadt (http://www.torah.org/advanced/weekly-halacha/5762/lechlecha.html) writes that one should accept [[shabbat]] early after the silent shemona esreh. He adds that one may still answer [[kedusha]] based on Tzitz Eliezer 10:15(1) and Yabia Omer 6:21(3) who hold that even after one said [[maariv]] on Friday night one is allowed to answer [[kedusha]] of a [[minyan]] saying [[kedusha]] of [[mincha]]. </ref>
# Some hold that in order to fulfill the mitzvah of adding from the weekday to [[Shabbat]] one doesn't need to make any verbal declaration, while others hold that one should verbally accept [[Shabbat]]. <ref>  
# Some hold that in order to fulfill the mitzvah of adding from the weekday to [[Shabbat]] one doesn't need to make any verbal declaration, while others hold that one should verbally accept [[Shabbat]]. <ref>  
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# Some say that it's sufficient to add any amount of time before sunset, while others hold that one should add 20 or 30 minutes to [[Shabbat]]. (See footnote for background) <ref>
# Some say that it's sufficient to add any amount of time before sunset, while others hold that one should add 20 or 30 minutes to [[Shabbat]]. (See footnote for background) <ref>
* How long is Tosefet [[Shabbat]]? Rosh [[Brachot]] 4:6 and Tosafot [[Brachot]] 27a s.v. DeRav agree that one doesn’t have to accept [[Shabbat]] from Plag [[Mincha]] (from ten and three quarter hours). Nonetheless, the Rosh 4:6 writes that certainly there is a minimum time limit but leaves it unclear as to what the limit is. Rabbenu Yonah ([[Brachot]] 18b s.v. Rav) quotes Rabbi Yacov who says that there’s no minimum time and any amount suffices.  
* How long is Tosefet [[Shabbat]]? Rosh [[Brachot]] 4:6 and Tosafot [[Brachot]] 27a s.v. DeRav agree that one doesn’t have to accept [[Shabbat]] from Plag [[Mincha]] (from ten and three quarter hours). Nonetheless, the Rosh 4:6 writes that certainly there is a minimum time limit but leaves it unclear as to what the limit is. Rabbenu Yonah ([[Brachot]] 18b s.v. Rav) quotes Rabbi Yacov who says that there’s no minimum time and any amount suffices.  
* S"A 261:2 and 608:1 rules that there's no minimum requirement of time one needs to add to [[Shabbat]] to fulfill Tosefet [[Shabbat]]. 39 Melachos (vol 1, pg 150) rules like S"A that there's no specific minimum time for Tofeset [[Shabbat]]. 39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, Hakdama LeMelachat [[Shabbat]], note 667) quotes Rav Henkin who said that in order not to violate [[Shabbat]] and in order to fulfill Tosefet [[Shabbat]] one must add a few minutes before [[Shekiyah]] refraining from Melacha and agrees with this opinion. Eretz Tzvi 70 and Iggerot Moshe 1:96 suggest that one add at least two minutes, Avnei Nezer 4:98 suggests at least four minutes, while Minchat Elazar 1:23 and Teshuvot Maharshag 38 say at least 5.   
* Shulchan Aruch 261:2 and 608:1 rules that there's no minimum requirement of time one needs to add to [[Shabbat]] to fulfill Tosefet [[Shabbat]]. 39 Melachos (vol 1, pg 150) rules like Shulchan Aruch that there's no specific minimum time for Tofeset [[Shabbat]]. 39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, Hakdama LeMelachat [[Shabbat]], note 667) quotes Rav Henkin who said that in order not to violate [[Shabbat]] and in order to fulfill Tosefet [[Shabbat]] one must add a few minutes before [[Shekiyah]] refraining from Melacha and agrees with this opinion. Eretz Tzvi 70 and Iggerot Moshe 1:96 suggest that one add at least two minutes, Avnei Nezer 4:98 suggests at least four minutes, while Minchat Elazar 1:23 and Teshuvot Maharshag 38 say at least 5.   
* However, the Mishna Brurah 261:22 quotes the Rosh who argues that a certain amount of time is needed. Beiur Halacha s.v. Ayzo Zman posits that this period of time should be no longer than 3/4 of a [[mil]] (which is 13.5 minutes). The Mishna Brurah 261:23 concludes that in order to fulfill the mitzvah of Tofeset [[Shabbat]] (adding onto [[Shabbat]]) one should refrain from work from the time that the sun is seen at the top of the trees, or to be strict 30 or 20 minutes before [[Shekiyah]]. [Mishna Brurah (Shaar HaTziyun 261:21) explains that by refraining from melacha 20 minutes before sunset one will have satisfied the opinion of the Yerayim to consider the [[mil]] to be 24 minutes and 3/4 of a [[mil]] is 18 minutes.] 39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 1, pg 145) writes that it's not practical to rely upon the method of determining the beginning of [[Shabbat]] by looking at when the sun hits the tree tops but rather one should rely upon times printed on calendars made by halachic experts. </ref>
* However, the Mishna Brurah 261:22 quotes the Rosh who argues that a certain amount of time is needed. Beiur Halacha s.v. Ayzo Zman posits that this period of time should be no longer than 3/4 of a [[mil]] (which is 13.5 minutes). The Mishna Brurah 261:23 concludes that in order to fulfill the mitzvah of Tofeset [[Shabbat]] (adding onto [[Shabbat]]) one should refrain from work from the time that the sun is seen at the top of the trees, or to be strict 30 or 20 minutes before [[Shekiyah]]. [Mishna Brurah (Shaar HaTziyun 261:21) explains that by refraining from melacha 20 minutes before sunset one will have satisfied the opinion of the Yerayim to consider the [[mil]] to be 24 minutes and 3/4 of a [[mil]] is 18 minutes.] 39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 1, pg 145) writes that it's not practical to rely upon the method of determining the beginning of [[Shabbat]] by looking at when the sun hits the tree tops but rather one should rely upon times printed on calendars made by halachic experts. </ref>
# The minhag of yerushalim is to add 45 minutes to [[Shabbat]]. However, women don't need to abide by this minhag. <ref> Shemirat [[Shabbat]] KeHilchata chap 46 note 20. </ref>
# The minhag of yerushalim is to add 45 minutes to [[Shabbat]]. However, women don't need to abide by this minhag. <ref> Shemirat [[Shabbat]] KeHilchata chap 46 note 20. </ref>
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==Making early [[Shabbat]] (effects of accepting [[Shabbat]] early)==
==Making early [[Shabbat]] (effects of accepting [[Shabbat]] early)==
===Refraining from Melacha===
===Refraining from Melacha===
# It is forbidden to do any Melacha after one accepted [[Shabbat]]. <ref> S"A 263:10, Mishna Brurah 261:28 </ref>
# It is forbidden to do any Melacha after one accepted [[Shabbat]]. <ref> Shulchan Aruch 263:10, Mishna Brurah 261:28 </ref>
# If one accepted [[Shabbat]] early and most of the community didn't accept [[Shabbat]] it is permitted to ask a Jew who didn't accept to do a Melacha for him. <ref>S"A 263:17, Mishna Brurah 263:64 </ref>
# If one accepted [[Shabbat]] early and most of the community didn't accept [[Shabbat]] it is permitted to ask a Jew who didn't accept to do a Melacha for him. <ref>Shulchan Aruch 263:17, Mishna Brurah 263:64 </ref>
# If it's necessary to do a Melacha and it's still early in the day before sunset, some say that may perform a Heiter Nederim, [[nullification]] of one's vow to accept [[Shabbat]] before 3 people, while others hold that the annulment isn't effective. <ref>Taz 263:3 and Levush hold that one may do Hatarat Nedarim to annul one's early acceptance of [[Shabbat]], while the Magan Avraham 263:31, Aruch HaShulchan 263:25, Mishna Brurah 263:5 hold that this annulment will not be effective to permit one to do Melacha. See Igrot Moshe 2:38 </ref>
# If it's necessary to do a Melacha and it's still early in the day before sunset, some say that may perform a Heiter Nederim, [[nullification]] of one's vow to accept [[Shabbat]] before 3 people, while others hold that the annulment isn't effective. <ref>Taz 263:3 and Levush hold that one may do Hatarat Nedarim to annul one's early acceptance of [[Shabbat]], while the Magan Avraham 263:31, Aruch HaShulchan 263:25, Mishna Brurah 263:5 hold that this annulment will not be effective to permit one to do Melacha. See Igrot Moshe 2:38 </ref>
# If someone made a mistake on Friday afternoon and prayed [[Arvit]] thinking that it was nighttime one has not fulfilled one’s obligation and would have to pray again. One would be permissible to do Melacha (activity forbidden on [[Shabbat]]) until one prays again, while others forbid. However, if a community made such a mistake they would not have to repeat [[Shemoneh Esrei]]. According to many one is permissible to do Melacha until one prays again while other to some it’s forbidden to do Melacha. <Ref>Gemara [[Brachot]] 27b writes that on Friday afternoon someone who made a mistake and said [[Arvit]] early thinking it was nighttime according to Abaye he would have to pray again and it would be permissible to do Melacha. However, if it’s a community who made such a mistake Rebbe said that they do not have to repeat [[Shemoneh Esrei]] because of Tirech DeTzibbur. The Rosh 4:6, Tur, and S”A 263:14 rule that it’s permissible to do Melacha until they pray again, while the Magan Avraham 263:26 quotes many Rishonim (Or Zaruha, Rokeach, Raavan) who are strict and forbid Melacha since they don’t have to pray again. </ref>
# If someone made a mistake on Friday afternoon and prayed [[Arvit]] thinking that it was nighttime one has not fulfilled one’s obligation and would have to pray again. One would be permissible to do Melacha (activity forbidden on [[Shabbat]]) until one prays again, while others forbid. However, if a community made such a mistake they would not have to repeat [[Shemoneh Esrei]]. According to many one is permissible to do Melacha until one prays again while other to some it’s forbidden to do Melacha. <Ref>Gemara [[Brachot]] 27b writes that on Friday afternoon someone who made a mistake and said [[Arvit]] early thinking it was nighttime according to Abaye he would have to pray again and it would be permissible to do Melacha. However, if it’s a community who made such a mistake Rebbe said that they do not have to repeat [[Shemoneh Esrei]] because of Tirech DeTzibbur. The Rosh 4:6, Tur, and S”A 263:14 rule that it’s permissible to do Melacha until they pray again, while the Magan Avraham 263:26 quotes many Rishonim (Or Zaruha, Rokeach, Raavan) who are strict and forbid Melacha since they don’t have to pray again. </ref>
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* Mishna Brurah 267:6 rules that if there’s less than a half hour before [[Tzet HaKochavim]] one shouldn’t begin one’s meal because according to many opinions one hasn’t fulfilled one’s obligation of Shema, however, those who do begin the meal at that time have what to rely on. Nonetheless, concludes Mishna Brurah, whether or not one eats one’s meal early one must make sure to repeat Shema after [[Tzet HaKochavim]]. Yalkut Yosef ([[Shabbat]] vol 1 pg 201-4) agrees that one should make sure to start one’s meal before a half hour before [[Tzet HaKochavim]]. </ref>
* Mishna Brurah 267:6 rules that if there’s less than a half hour before [[Tzet HaKochavim]] one shouldn’t begin one’s meal because according to many opinions one hasn’t fulfilled one’s obligation of Shema, however, those who do begin the meal at that time have what to rely on. Nonetheless, concludes Mishna Brurah, whether or not one eats one’s meal early one must make sure to repeat Shema after [[Tzet HaKochavim]]. Yalkut Yosef ([[Shabbat]] vol 1 pg 201-4) agrees that one should make sure to start one’s meal before a half hour before [[Tzet HaKochavim]]. </ref>
===Praying Mincha after accepting Shabbat===
===Praying Mincha after accepting Shabbat===
# Once one accepts [[Shabbat]] one may not pray [[Mincha]] of Friday but rather one must pray [[Mariv]] twice (for [[Tashlumin]]). <ref>S"A 263:15. Avnei Yashfei 1:56 quotes Rav Yosef Shalom Elyashiv as saying that if one didn't actively accept [[shabbat]] you can still daven [[Mincha]] afterwards because you haven't officially taken on [[shabbat]]. </ref>
# Once one accepts [[Shabbat]] one may not pray [[Mincha]] of Friday but rather one must pray [[Mariv]] twice (for [[Tashlumin]]). <ref>Shulchan Aruch 263:15. Avnei Yashfei 1:56 quotes Rav Yosef Shalom Elyashiv as saying that if one didn't actively accept [[shabbat]] you can still daven [[Mincha]] afterwards because you haven't officially taken on [[shabbat]]. </ref>
# If one arrived in Shul which was up to [[Barchu]] of [[Mariv]] on Friday night and one still didn't pray [[mincha]], one should say [[Mincha]] in a different shul or outside that Shul but not answer Brachu before saying [[Mincha]]. <ref>S"A 263:15, Mishna Brurah 263:58 </ref>
# If one arrived in Shul which was up to [[Barchu]] of [[Mariv]] on Friday night and one still didn't pray [[mincha]], one should say [[Mincha]] in a different shul or outside that Shul but not answer Brachu before saying [[Mincha]]. <ref>Shulchan Aruch 263:15, Mishna Brurah 263:58 </ref>
# If the Tzibur did not yet reach [[Barchu]] one may pray [[Mincha]] in the shul even if they will reach [[Barchu]] while one is still saying [[Mincha]], nonetheless it's preferable to say it outside the Shul (if the Tzibbur will reach [[Barchu]] while one is still saying [[Mincha]]). <ref>S"A 263:16, Mishna Brurah 263:63 </ref>
# If the Tzibur did not yet reach [[Barchu]] one may pray [[Mincha]] in the shul even if they will reach [[Barchu]] while one is still saying [[Mincha]], nonetheless it's preferable to say it outside the Shul (if the Tzibbur will reach [[Barchu]] while one is still saying [[Mincha]]). <ref>Shulchan Aruch 263:16, Mishna Brurah 263:63 </ref>


==Sources==
==Sources==
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[[Category:Shabbat]]
[[Category:Shabbat]]