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Making Early Shabbat: Difference between revisions

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*However, the Mishna Brurah 261:22 quotes the Rosh who argues that a certain amount of time is needed. Beiur Halacha s.v. Ayzo Zman posits that this period of time should be no longer than 3/4 of a [[mil]] (which is 13.5 minutes). The Mishna Brurah 261:23 concludes that in order to fulfill the mitzvah of Tosefet [[Shabbat]] (adding onto [[Shabbat]]) one should refrain from work from the time that the sun is seen at the top of the trees, or to be strict 30 or 20 minutes before [[Shekiyah]]. [Mishna Brurah (Shaar HaTziyun 261:21) explains that by refraining from melacha 20 minutes before sunset one will have satisfied the opinion of the Yerayim to consider the [[mil]] to be 24 minutes and 3/4 of a [[mil]] is 18 minutes.] 39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 1, pg 145) writes that it's not practical to rely upon the method of determining the beginning of [[Shabbat]] by looking at when the sun hits the tree tops but rather one should rely upon times printed on calendars made by halachic experts.
*However, the Mishna Brurah 261:22 quotes the Rosh who argues that a certain amount of time is needed. Beiur Halacha s.v. Ayzo Zman posits that this period of time should be no longer than 3/4 of a [[mil]] (which is 13.5 minutes). The Mishna Brurah 261:23 concludes that in order to fulfill the mitzvah of Tosefet [[Shabbat]] (adding onto [[Shabbat]]) one should refrain from work from the time that the sun is seen at the top of the trees, or to be strict 30 or 20 minutes before [[Shekiyah]]. [Mishna Brurah (Shaar HaTziyun 261:21) explains that by refraining from melacha 20 minutes before sunset one will have satisfied the opinion of the Yerayim to consider the [[mil]] to be 24 minutes and 3/4 of a [[mil]] is 18 minutes.] 39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 1, pg 145) writes that it's not practical to rely upon the method of determining the beginning of [[Shabbat]] by looking at when the sun hits the tree tops but rather one should rely upon times printed on calendars made by halachic experts.
*Tosfot Rabbenu Peretz (Beitza 30a s.v. Di'ha) quotes the Ri who says that the minimum amount of time to add for tosefet Shabbat is 30 minutes. Rav Hershel Schachter (Nefesh Harav pg. 154) cites this opinion and adds from Rav Yosef Dov Soloveitchik that this was the practice in Europe to light candles 30 minutes before sunset.</ref>
*Tosfot Rabbenu Peretz (Beitza 30a s.v. Di'ha) quotes the Ri who says that the minimum amount of time to add for tosefet Shabbat is 30 minutes. Rav Hershel Schachter (Nefesh Harav pg. 154) cites this opinion and adds from Rav Yosef Dov Soloveitchik that this was the practice in Europe to light candles 30 minutes before sunset.</ref>
##The minhag of yerushalayim is to add 45 minutes to [[Shabbat]]. However, women don't need to abide by this minhag. <ref>Shemirat [[Shabbat]] KeHilchata chap 46 note 20. </ref>
##The minhag of yerushalayim is to add 45 minutes to [[Shabbat]]. However, women don't need to abide by this minhag. <ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata chap 46 note 20. </ref>
#[[Mincha]] should be scheduled at least 20-25 minutes before sunset so that you can finish before sunset and everybody could fulfill the mitzva. <ref>Shemirat [[Shabbat]] Kihilchita 46:5. </ref> If the [[minyan]] starts late so that it won't be able to accept [[shabbat]] before sunset, one should do it after his silent shmoneh esrei, and still answer [[kedusha]] afterwards. <ref>Rabbi Doniel Neustadt (http://www.torah.org/advanced/weekly-halacha/5762/lechlecha.html) writes that one should accept [[shabbat]] early after the silent shemona esreh. He adds that one may still answer [[kedusha]] based on Tzitz Eliezer 10:15(1) and Yabia Omer 6:21(3) who hold that even after one said [[maariv]] on Friday night one is allowed to answer [[kedusha]] of a [[minyan]] saying [[kedusha]] of [[mincha]]. </ref>
#[[Mincha]] should be scheduled at least 20-25 minutes before sunset so that you can finish before sunset and everybody could fulfill the mitzva. <ref>Shemirat Shabbat Kihilchita 46:5. </ref> If the [[minyan]] starts late so that it won't be able to accept [[shabbat]] before sunset, one should do it after his silent shmoneh esrei, and still answer [[kedusha]] afterwards. <ref>Rabbi Doniel Neustadt (http://www.torah.org/advanced/weekly-halacha/5762/lechlecha.html) writes that one should accept [[shabbat]] early after the silent shemona esreh. He adds that one may still answer [[kedusha]] based on Tzitz Eliezer 10:15(1) and Yabia Omer 6:21(3) who hold that even after one said [[maariv]] on Friday night one is allowed to answer [[kedusha]] of a [[minyan]] saying [[kedusha]] of [[mincha]]. </ref>
# If one knows that if he starts mincha before Shekiya he isn't going to have enough time to be mekabel Shabbat after his silent Shemona Esrei it is better to say mincha without accepting Shabbat first and one can rely on the opinions that hold one fulfills Tosefet Shabbat by just refraining from melacha.<ref>[https://www.torahanytime.com/#/lectures?v=73293 Rav Yitzchak Yosef (Motzei Shabbat Vayechei 5779 approx min 30)]</ref>
# If one knows that if he starts mincha before Shekiya he isn't going to have enough time to be mekabel Shabbat after his silent Shemona Esrei it is better to say mincha without accepting Shabbat first and one can rely on the opinions that hold one fulfills Tosefet Shabbat by just refraining from melacha.<ref>[https://www.torahanytime.com/#/lectures?v=73293 Rav Yitzchak Yosef (Motzei Shabbat Vayechei 5779 approx min 30)]</ref>
#Some hold that in order to fulfill the mitzvah of adding from the weekday to [[Shabbat]] one doesn't need to make any verbal declaration, while others hold that one should verbally accept [[Shabbat]]. <ref>*Mishna Brurah 261:21 based on Rama 608:3 holds that a verbal declaration is needed and an acceptance in one's heart is insufficient. Shemirat [[Shabbat]] Kihilchita 46:2, Az Nidberu 1:1, Tehilah l'David 263:10, and L'horot Natan 5:15 agree. According to Rabbi Akiva Eiger 271:1 saying good [[shabbos]] may be enough of a declaration.
#Some hold that in order to fulfill the mitzvah of adding from the weekday to [[Shabbat]] one doesn't need to make any verbal declaration, while others hold that one should verbally accept [[Shabbat]]. <ref>*Mishna Brurah 261:21 based on Rama 608:3 holds that a verbal declaration is needed and an acceptance in one's heart is insufficient. Shemirat Shabbat Kihilchita 46:2, Az Nidberu 1:1, Tehilah l'David 263:10, and L'horot Natan 5:15 agree. According to Rabbi Akiva Eiger 271:1 saying good [[shabbos]] may be enough of a declaration.
*39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 1, pg 150) writes that no verbal declaration is needed rather once one resolves to accept [[Shabbat]] early [[Shabbat]] takes effect. This dispute may be reflected in a dispute in Mishna Brurah 553:2, who quotes Bach and Gra that it is sufficient.
*39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 1, pg 150) writes that no verbal declaration is needed rather once one resolves to accept [[Shabbat]] early [[Shabbat]] takes effect. This dispute may be reflected in a dispute in Mishna Brurah 553:2, who quotes Bach and Gra that it is sufficient.
*Rav Doniel Neustadt in http://www.torah.org/advanced/weekly-halacha/5762/lechlecha.html quotes Aruch HaShulchan 261:2, Eretz Tzvi 60, Yabia Omer 7:34, Chidushei Ra'ah [[Berachos]] 26b, Beiur Hagra O.C. 393:2 and Chayei Adam 5:2, Shevet ha-Levi 10:50, Imrei Shalom 4:18 as possibly holding that even just refraining from doing any melacha is enough for tosefet [[shabbat]] and you don't even have to have it in mind.</ref>
*[https://torah.org/torah-portion/weekly-halacha-5772-yisro/ Rav Doniel Neustadt] quotes Aruch HaShulchan 261:2, Eretz Tzvi 60, Yabia Omer 7:34, Chidushei Ra'ah [[Berachos]] 26b, Beiur Hagra O.C. 393:2 and Chayei Adam 5:2, Shevet ha-Levi 10:50, Imrei Shalom 4:18 as possibly holding that even just refraining from doing any melacha is enough for tosefet [[shabbat]] and you don't even have to have it in mind.</ref>


==Effects of Accepting [[Shabbat]] Early==
==Effects of Accepting [[Shabbat]] Early==
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*The Mishna Brurah 267:5 writes the reason one may make [[Kiddish]] before nightfall is because the acceptance of [[Shabbat]] early makes it considered as if it was already [[Shabbat]]. See Yalkut Yosef ([[Shabbat]] vol 1 pg 201-4) who discusses how the Rambam could hold of this considering that he omits the entire idea of Tosefet [[Shabbat]] (accepting [[Shabbat]] early).</ref>, however it's preferable to have at least a [[Kezayit]] of food after nightfall. <ref>Bach 472:1 writes that one can't finish the [[Shabbat]] meal before nightfall, otherwise one didn't fulfill the mitzvah of eating a Shabbat meal on Shabbat. Taz 472:1 quotes the Maharal who agrees. Chaye Adam ([[Shabbat]] 6:2) and Mishna Brurah 267:5 rule that one can have one's meal early but one should preferably have a [[Kezayit]] of food after nightfall to satisfy the opinion of the Bach.  
*The Mishna Brurah 267:5 writes the reason one may make [[Kiddish]] before nightfall is because the acceptance of [[Shabbat]] early makes it considered as if it was already [[Shabbat]]. See Yalkut Yosef ([[Shabbat]] vol 1 pg 201-4) who discusses how the Rambam could hold of this considering that he omits the entire idea of Tosefet [[Shabbat]] (accepting [[Shabbat]] early).</ref>, however it's preferable to have at least a [[Kezayit]] of food after nightfall. <ref>Bach 472:1 writes that one can't finish the [[Shabbat]] meal before nightfall, otherwise one didn't fulfill the mitzvah of eating a Shabbat meal on Shabbat. Taz 472:1 quotes the Maharal who agrees. Chaye Adam ([[Shabbat]] 6:2) and Mishna Brurah 267:5 rule that one can have one's meal early but one should preferably have a [[Kezayit]] of food after nightfall to satisfy the opinion of the Bach.  
* The Bet Yosef 267:2 quotes the Mahari Avuhav who infers from the Rosh who says that one should wait to have [[Matza]] on [[Pesach]] after nightfall that on a regular [[Shabbat]] one could fulfill one’s obligation of the [[Shabbat]] meal before nighttime. The Magen Avraham 267:1 (at the end) agrees that many Rishonim imply that one who makes early [[Shabbat]] may have one’s meal early, however, the Shelah and Bach say that one must have at least a [[Kezayit]] of bread after [[Tzet HaKochavim]]. Mishna Brurah 267:5 rules that preferably one should be concerned for the strict opinions to have at least a [[Kezayit]] of bread after nightfall. Shemirat Shabbat Kehilchata 54:33 clarifies that the kezayit of food which the Mishna Brurah is referring to is a kezayit of bread. Yalkut Yosef ([[Shabbat]] vol 1 pg 201-4) agrees that preferably one should be concerned for the strict opinions.</ref>
* The Bet Yosef 267:2 quotes the Mahari Avuhav who infers from the Rosh who says that one should wait to have [[Matza]] on [[Pesach]] after nightfall that on a regular [[Shabbat]] one could fulfill one’s obligation of the [[Shabbat]] meal before nighttime. The Magen Avraham 267:1 (at the end) agrees that many Rishonim imply that one who makes early [[Shabbat]] may have one’s meal early, however, the Shelah and Bach say that one must have at least a [[Kezayit]] of bread after [[Tzet HaKochavim]]. Mishna Brurah 267:5 rules that preferably one should be concerned for the strict opinions to have at least a [[Kezayit]] of bread after nightfall. Shemirat Shabbat Kehilchata 54:33 clarifies that the kezayit of food which the Mishna Brurah is referring to is a kezayit of bread. Yalkut Yosef ([[Shabbat]] vol 1 pg 201-4) agrees that preferably one should be concerned for the strict opinions.</ref>
#Some poskim permit saying [[Kiddush]] and eating the meal before [[Mariv/Arvit|Arvit]] as long as the meal begins a half hour before [[Tzet HaKochavim]],<ref>Mishna Brurah 271:11 quoting the Magen Avraham</ref> while others say that it isn't proper. <ref>Kaf Hachayim 271:22 and 272:3 says that it is not proper to do these mitzvot out of sequence. The Gra in Maasei Rav 117 also says that it is forbidden for more than just kabbalistic reasons.</ref>
#Some poskim permit saying [[Kiddush]] and eating the meal before [[Mariv/Arvit|Arvit]] as long as the meal begins a half hour before [[Tzet HaKochavim]],<ref>Mishna Brurah 271:11 quoting the Magen Avraham</ref> while others say that it isn't proper. <ref>Kaf Hachayim 271:22 and 272:3 says that it is not proper to do these mitzvot out of sequence. The Gra in Maasei Rav 117 says that it is forbidden to have the Friday night meal before sunset unless one prayed Mariv.</ref>


===Starting one's meal after making early Shabbat===
===Starting one's meal after making early Shabbat===
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===Praying Mincha after Accepting Shabbat===
===Praying Mincha after Accepting Shabbat===


#Once one accepts [[Shabbat]] one may not pray [[Mincha]] of Friday but rather one must pray [[Mariv]] twice (for [[Tashlumin]]).<ref>Shulchan Aruch 263:15. Avnei Yishpeh 1:56 quotes Rav Yosef Shalom Elyashiv as saying that if one didn't actively accept [[Shabbat]] you can still daven [[Mincha]] afterwards because you haven't officially taken on [[shabbat]]. </ref>
#Once one accepts [[Shabbat]] one may not pray [[Mincha]] of Friday but rather one must pray [[Mariv]] twice (for [[Tashlumin]]).<ref>Shulchan Aruch O.C. 263:15. Avnei Yishpeh 1:56 quotes Rav Yosef Shalom Elyashiv as saying that if one didn't actively accept [[Shabbat]] you can still daven [[Mincha]] afterwards because you haven't officially taken on [[shabbat]]. </ref>
##Some say that it isn't necessary to accept Shabbat actively and as long as one refrains from melacha one automatically adds to Shabbat. Therefore one could pray mincha without accepting Shabbat actively and still fulfill the mitzvah of adding to Shabbat.<ref>Chazon Ovadia (Shabbat v. 1 p. 266). </ref>
##Sephardim advise that one can stipulate that one is going to accept Shabbat for the purpose of melacha and not for the purpose of davening. So they fulfilled the mitzvah of adding to Shabbat but can still pray mincha.<ref>Chazon Ovadia (Shabbat v. 1 p. 266) explains that according to the Taz 263:3 the acceptance of Shabbat is like a neder and depends on what you decide to accept. Therefore, it is possible to accept melacha and not for prayers. He also cites the [https://www.hebrewbooks.org/pdfpager.aspx?req=606&st=&pgnum=151 Eretz Tzvi 60] who says that one could stipulate that if Rabbenu Tam is correct one plans to accept Shabbat 30 minutes after sunset and if the Geonim are correct then he plans to accept Shabbat two minutes before sunset. Chazon Ovadia adds that one can rely on the Rabbenu Tam to pray after making such a stipulation since potentially one didn't yet accept Shabbat and mincha is only rabbinic. He adds another reason why it is acceptable since we follow Rabbi Yosi and for him it isn't night until the end of the ben hashemashot of Rabbi Yehuda.</ref>
#If one arrived in Shul which was up to [[Barchu]] of [[Mariv]] on Friday night and one still didn't pray [[mincha]], one should say [[Mincha]] in a different shul or outside that Shul but not answer Brachu before saying [[Mincha]].<ref>Shulchan Aruch 263:15, Mishna Brurah 263:58 </ref>
#If one arrived in Shul which was up to [[Barchu]] of [[Mariv]] on Friday night and one still didn't pray [[mincha]], one should say [[Mincha]] in a different shul or outside that Shul but not answer Brachu before saying [[Mincha]].<ref>Shulchan Aruch 263:15, Mishna Brurah 263:58 </ref>
#If the Tzibur did not yet reach [[Barchu]] one may pray [[Mincha]] in the shul even if they will reach [[Barchu]] while one is still saying [[Mincha]], nonetheless, it is preferable to say it outside the Shul (if the Tzibbur will reach [[Barchu]] while one is still saying [[Mincha]]).<ref>Shulchan Aruch 263:16, Mishna Brurah 263:63 </ref>
#If the Tzibur did not yet reach [[Barchu]] one may pray [[Mincha]] in the shul even if they will reach [[Barchu]] while one is still saying [[Mincha]], nonetheless, it is preferable to say it outside the Shul (if the Tzibbur will reach [[Barchu]] while one is still saying [[Mincha]]).<ref>Shulchan Aruch 263:16, Mishna Brurah 263:63 </ref>
===Eating the Meal Before Praying Maariv===
===Eating the Meal Before Praying Maariv===
# According to many poskim it is permitted to pray [[Mincha]] early, before or after [[Plag Hamincha]], then accept Shabbat, recite [[Kabbalat Shabbat]], recite [[Kiddush]] and have the [[Friday night meal]]. Then one would pray [[Maariv]] afterwards. One should be careful not to start the meal within a half hour of the time for Maariv.<ref>Magen Avraham 271:5, Mishna Brurah 271:11, Eliya Rabba 271:5, Rav Elyashiv (cited by Dirshu 271:3), Beir Heitev 271:4, Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 77:4. Taz 271:4 also accept this practice as Eliya Rabba notes. Peulat Sachir on Maaseh Rav 117:1 notes that one could accept Shabbat for the Magen Avraham with a verbal declaration or by reciting Mizmor Shir Shel Yom Hashabbat.</ref> Some rabbis disagree with this practice.<ref>Gra in [https://www.hebrewbooks.org/pdfpager.aspx?req=35342&st=&pgnum=18 Maaseh Rav n. 116] writes that it isn't proper to have the Friday night meal before davening Maariv. Rav Soloveitchik as quoted in Nefesh Harav p. 158 explained based on Rambam Shabbat 30:10 that there is an order for how the Shabbat day is supposed to be structured. First is a prayer and then there is a meal. That pair of activities is repeated thrice, once at night and twice during the day.</ref>
# According to many poskim it is permitted to pray [[Mincha]] early, before or after [[Plag Hamincha]], then accept Shabbat, recite [[Kabbalat Shabbat]], recite [[Kiddush]] and have the [[Friday night meal]]. Then one would pray [[Maariv]] afterwards. One should be careful not to start the meal within a half hour of the time for Maariv.<ref>Magen Avraham 271:5, Mishna Brurah 271:11, Eliya Rabba 271:5, Rav Elyashiv (cited by Dirshu 271:3), Beir Heitev 271:4, Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 77:4. Taz 271:4 also accept this practice as Eliya Rabba notes. Peulat Sachir on Maaseh Rav 117:1 notes that one could accept Shabbat for the Magen Avraham with a verbal declaration or by reciting Mizmor Shir Shel Yom Hashabbat.</ref> Some rabbis disagree with this practice.<ref> Rav Soloveitchik as quoted in Nefesh Harav p. 158 explained based on Rambam Shabbat 30:10 that there is an order for how the Shabbat day is supposed to be structured. First is a prayer and then there is a meal. That pair of activities is repeated thrice, once at night and twice during the day. See also Gra in [https://www.hebrewbooks.org/pdfpager.aspx?req=35342&st=&pgnum=18 Maaseh Rav n. 117] who is quoted as saying that it isn't proper to have the Friday night meal before sunset unless one has already davened Maariv. [https://www.yutorah.org/sidebar/lecture.cfm/799449/rabbi-hershel-schachter/hilchos-shabbos-4-inyonei-shalosh-seudos/ Rav Schachter (Hilchos Shabbat 4 min 32-4)] explained the Gra based on Rav Soloveitchik's explanation in the Rambam and connected it with Maaseh Rav n. 64 about seuda shelishit before mincha. However, the Peulat Sachir understands the Gra in Maaseh Rav n. 117 to specifically be about accepting Shabbat before sunset.</ref>


==Ending Shabbat Late==
==Ending Shabbat Late==
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