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Hatmana: Difference between revisions
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[[Image:Crock_Pot.jpg|right]] | [[Image:Crock_Pot.jpg|right]] | ||
When it comes to cooking and reheating foods on Shabbat, aside from the major Biblical prohibition of [[Bishul|cooking]] there are three other rabbinic prohibitions. One is that before Shabbat one shouldn't leave raw food on an open fire to cook on Shabbat lest one come to cook. This is called [[Shehiya]]. The second is [[Hachzara]]; that is, on Shabbat one shouldn't return food to the fire that was removed from the fire on Shabbat since it appears like one is cooking and not just reheating. The third one is that it is forbidden to insulate food both before Shabbat so that it remains insulated on Shabbat and on Shabbat itself. This prohibition is called hatmana and is the subject of this article. | |||
==Insulating before Shabbat== | ==Insulating before Shabbat== | ||
# One is permitted to insulate food before [[Shabbat]], with material that preserves heat. This is permitted even during twilight period. However, before | # One is permitted to insulate food before [[Shabbat]], with material that preserves heat. This is permitted even during [[Ben HaShemashot|twilight period]]. However, before [[Shabbat]] one is not permitted to insulate food with material that increases the heat lest one insulate with hot ashes containing coals and lest the food be incompletely cooked and one come to rake the coals on the [[Shabbat]].<Ref>See Talmud [[Shabbat]] 34b, Rashi at loc, Shulchan Aruch O.C. 257:1</ref> | ||
# On the Sabbath itself insulating is forbidden even with material that only preserves the heat, | # On the Sabbath itself insulating is forbidden even with material that only preserves the heat,<ref>See statement of Rava on Gemara Shabbat 34a</ref> as a prohibition lest one discover the pot to be too cold and heat it up on coals on the [[Shabbat]] and stoke the coals. This does not apply during twilight period as most pots are warm at that time.<ref>Shulchan Aruch 257:1</ref> | ||
# It is permitted to insulate before [[Shabbat]] with material that preserves heat like a cloth. <Ref> Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:75 (3rd edition) | # It is permitted to insulate before [[Shabbat]] with material that preserves heat like a cloth. <Ref> Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:75 (3rd edition) based on Shulchan Aruch 257:1 and 3.</ref> There is a dispute if a pot that is covered with clothes can be placed on a heating element, which would cause the pot to get hot. See further. | ||
## Everyone agrees that before Shabbat it is permissible to wrap a pot that is off the fire or on top of a hot pot which is off the fire. <ref>Shulchan Aruch 258:1, Mishna Brurah 258:2, Shemirat [[Shabbat]] KeHilchata 1:75 </ref> | ## Everyone agrees that before Shabbat it is permissible to wrap a pot that is off the fire or on top of a hot pot which is off the fire.<ref>Shulchan Aruch 258:1, Mishna Brurah 258:2, Shemirat [[Shabbat]] KeHilchata 1:75 </ref> | ||
## According to most poskim, it is forbidden even before Shabbat to wrap a pot with clothes if the pot is on a covered fire or electric hotplate. <Ref>Shulchan Aruch 257:8 explains that even though covering with a cloth is considered something doesn't preserve the heat, since the pot is top of the fire insulating the pot with the cloth becomes like it is insulated with something that preserves the heat, which is forbidden even on Friday. Mishna Brurah 257:37, Kaf Hachaim 257:40, and Shemirat [[Shabbat]] KeHilchata 1:75 agree.</ref> However, if a Sephardic Jew has such a minhag he doesn't need to be stopped.<ref> Chazon Ovadia (Shabbat v. 1 p. 56) writes that some are lenient and there is a minhag to be lenient against Shulchan Aruch. | ## According to most poskim, it is forbidden even before Shabbat to wrap a pot with clothes if the pot is on a covered fire or electric hotplate. <Ref>Shulchan Aruch 257:8 explains that even though covering with a cloth is considered something doesn't preserve the heat, since the pot is top of the fire insulating the pot with the cloth becomes like it is insulated with something that preserves the heat, which is forbidden even on Friday. Mishna Brurah 257:37, Kaf Hachaim 257:40, and Shemirat [[Shabbat]] KeHilchata 1:75 agree.</ref> However, if a Sephardic Jew has such a minhag he doesn't need to be stopped.<ref> Chazon Ovadia (Shabbat v. 1 p. 56) writes that some are lenient and there is a minhag to be lenient against Shulchan Aruch. | ||
* When Hatmana on it’s own doesn’t preserve heat but keeps in heat because of another source (that besides the cover of clothing, the food is on a Garuf or Katum stove) there is a dispute in the Rishonim if there’s an issue of Hatmana with something that preserves heat. Ran ([[Shabbat]] Bameh Tomnin) in name of Rabbenu Yonah and Rashba writes that if the insulation preserves heat because of an external source it is forbidden as Hatmana Dvar Hamosif Hevel because this insulation shows one is concerned about keeping the food warm. However, the Ramban permits if the Hatmana is done with permitted material and the Shehiyah (leaving food on a covered stove from before [[Shabbat]]) is done in a permitted way because these are two separate Gezerahs (the Gemara 47b which seemingly prohibits putting an insulated pot on a permitted stove is only forbidden because the food is put directly on the coals but if there’s a space of air in between the coals and the food it’d be permitted.) Ran (22a s.v. VeMinhagenu), Nemukei Yosef (Lo Yachpor), Rabbenu Yerucham (pg 68c), and Meiri ([[Shabbat]] Perek Kirah pg 142 s.v. Zu Hiy) write that the Minhag is like the Ramban's explanation. Ritva 47b mentions the Ramban and adds that some are strict to make a separation between the clothing and the pot (as that’s not the usual way to insulate) but concludes that he prefers a different stringency which is putting the pot on top of a cover that separates between the pot and stove. S”A 257:8 rules even though Shehiyah is permitted in certain cases (see S”A 253) if the pot is covered with clothes even though it is a material that doesn’t preserve heat it’s forbidden to be left on the fire. | * When Hatmana on it’s own doesn’t preserve heat but keeps in heat because of another source (that besides the cover of clothing, the food is on a Garuf or Katum stove) there is a dispute in the Rishonim if there’s an issue of Hatmana with something that preserves heat. Ran ([[Shabbat]] Bameh Tomnin) in name of Rabbenu Yonah and Rashba writes that if the insulation preserves heat because of an external source it is forbidden as Hatmana Dvar Hamosif Hevel because this insulation shows one is concerned about keeping the food warm. However, the Ramban permits if the Hatmana is done with permitted material and the Shehiyah (leaving food on a covered stove from before [[Shabbat]]) is done in a permitted way because these are two separate Gezerahs (the Gemara 47b which seemingly prohibits putting an insulated pot on a permitted stove is only forbidden because the food is put directly on the coals but if there’s a space of air in between the coals and the food it’d be permitted.) Ran (22a s.v. VeMinhagenu), Nemukei Yosef (Lo Yachpor), Rabbenu Yerucham (pg 68c), and Meiri ([[Shabbat]] Perek Kirah pg 142 s.v. Zu Hiy) write that the Minhag is like the Ramban's explanation. Ritva 47b mentions the Ramban and adds that some are strict to make a separation between the clothing and the pot (as that’s not the usual way to insulate) but concludes that he prefers a different stringency which is putting the pot on top of a cover that separates between the pot and stove. S”A 257:8 rules even though Shehiyah is permitted in certain cases (see S”A 253) if the pot is covered with clothes even though it is a material that doesn’t preserve heat it’s forbidden to be left on the fire. | ||
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# There is no issue of [[insulating food]] inside other food if there's no separation. <Ref> Shemirat [[Shabbat]] KeHilchata 1:72 </ref> | # There is no issue of [[insulating food]] inside other food if there's no separation. <Ref> Shemirat [[Shabbat]] KeHilchata 1:72 </ref> | ||
# Before [[Shabbat]], some say that one can leave fully cooked food in a plastic, nylon, or aluminum bag in an pot of hot food (such as kuggel in chulent), however, some forbid because of Hatmana. <Ref> Chazon Ish 37:32 rules that a vessel inside a pot of hot water doesn’t have an issue of Hatmana. Even though, Aruch HaShulchan 258:3 and Sh”t Shevet HaLevi 3:47 argue on the Chazon Ish, Chazon Ovadyah ([[Shabbat]] 1 pg 62) says one can rely on the Chazon Ish to be lenient, especially if the food is fully cooked (for which Rama 257:7 permits Hatmana). Sh”t Shevet HaLevi 8:15(4) says that there is what to be lenient since the bag is only separating the food inside it but it would have been hot from the pot nonetheless. Sh”t Vayeshev Moshe (Zanger) O”C 19 adds that the bag or aluminum isn’t a real vessel that separates the food inside it. Rav Shlomo Zalman in Sh”t Minchat Shlomo (2:34(20) in Ostrot Shlomo version), Sh”t LeHorot Natan O”C 12, Kovetz Or Yisrael 5:23, Sh”t Shraga HaMeir 4:63, 6:3, Megilat Sefer on [[Shabbat]] 4:13, Sh”t Kinyan Torah 4:24, Sh”t Az Nidabru 6:78, Sh”t Or Letzion 2:17(13), and Sh”t Maaseh Nisim 163 agree that there’s no Hatmana in our case of a food within another food since it’s not meant to be totally separate. | # Before [[Shabbat]], some say that one can leave fully cooked food in a plastic, nylon, or aluminum bag in an pot of hot food (such as kuggel in chulent), however, some forbid because of Hatmana. <Ref> Chazon Ish 37:32 rules that a vessel inside a pot of hot water doesn’t have an issue of Hatmana. Even though, Aruch HaShulchan 258:3 and Sh”t Shevet HaLevi 3:47 argue on the Chazon Ish, Chazon Ovadyah ([[Shabbat]] 1 pg 62) says one can rely on the Chazon Ish to be lenient, especially if the food is fully cooked (for which Rama 257:7 permits Hatmana). Sh”t Shevet HaLevi 8:15(4) says that there is what to be lenient since the bag is only separating the food inside it but it would have been hot from the pot nonetheless. Sh”t Vayeshev Moshe (Zanger) O”C 19 adds that the bag or aluminum isn’t a real vessel that separates the food inside it. Rav Shlomo Zalman in Sh”t Minchat Shlomo (2:34(20) in Ostrot Shlomo version), Sh”t LeHorot Natan O”C 12, Kovetz Or Yisrael 5:23, Sh”t Shraga HaMeir 4:63, 6:3, Megilat Sefer on [[Shabbat]] 4:13, Sh”t Kinyan Torah 4:24, Sh”t Az Nidabru 6:78, Sh”t Or Letzion 2:17(13), and Sh”t Maaseh Nisim 163 agree that there’s no Hatmana in our case of a food within another food since it’s not meant to be totally separate. | ||
* In the 2nd edition of Shemirat [[Shabbat]] Kehilchasa 42:63 he was strict regarding materials that don’t allow liquid through such as plastic, nylon, or aluminum liners inside chulent or crock pots, however in the 3rd edition there’s an explicit retraction in 1:87 quoting Rav Shlomo Zalman to permit in all circumstances. | |||
In the 2nd edition of Shemirat [[Shabbat]] Kehilchasa 42:63 he was strict regarding materials that don’t allow liquid through such as plastic, nylon, or aluminum liners inside chulent or crock pots, however in the 3rd edition there’s an explicit retraction in 1:87 quoting Rav Shlomo Zalman to permit in all circumstances. | * Meor [[Shabbat]] 3 pg 519, and Menuchat Ahavah 1:3(27) are somewhat strict on the issue, the Minhag is to be lenient on this issue. </ref>. | ||
Meor [[Shabbat]] 3 pg 519, and Menuchat Ahavah 1:3(27) are somewhat strict on the issue, the Minhag is to be lenient on this issue. </ref>. | |||
# It is forbidden on Shabbat to insulate a bottle of liquid inside a container of hot water even if it won't reach yad soledet bo. However, according to Ashkenazim, it is permitted to insulate a bottle of liquid in a container of hot water if the bottle is partly out of the hot water (assuming that there is no issue of bishul).<ref>Mishna Brurah 258:2, Dirshu Footnote 258:7</ref> | # It is forbidden on Shabbat to insulate a bottle of liquid inside a container of hot water even if it won't reach yad soledet bo. However, according to Ashkenazim, it is permitted to insulate a bottle of liquid in a container of hot water if the bottle is partly out of the hot water (assuming that there is no issue of bishul).<ref>Mishna Brurah 258:2, Dirshu Footnote 258:7</ref> | ||
===Hot Plate Blanket=== | ===Hot Plate Blanket=== | ||
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==Insulating on Shabbat== | ==Insulating on Shabbat== | ||
# On [[Shabbat]] one is not allowed to insulate food whether it is cooked or raw from all sides even if one uses material that doesn’t preserve heat like clothing or cloth because of the Gezerah that one will find the food cold and come to heat it up. <Ref> Shulchan Aruch 257:1-2, Shemirat [[Shabbat]] KeHilchata 1:65 </ref> | # On [[Shabbat]] one is not allowed to insulate food whether it is cooked or raw from all sides even if one uses material that doesn’t preserve heat like clothing or cloth because of the Gezerah that one will find the food cold and come to heat it up.<Ref> Shulchan Aruch 257:1-2, Shemirat [[Shabbat]] KeHilchata 1:65 </ref> | ||
## It is forbidden to immerse an unopened can in hot water even if it’s fully cooked and even if the water is off the fire. <ref>Mishna Brurah 258:2, Shemirat [[Shabbat]] KeHilchata 1:75 </ref> | ## It is forbidden to immerse an unopened can in hot water even if it’s fully cooked and even if the water is off the fire. <ref>Mishna Brurah 258:2, Shemirat [[Shabbat]] KeHilchata 1:75 </ref> | ||
# According to Ashkenazim, it’s permissible to insulate a pot that’s on the fire if the insulation doesn’t come into contact with all (6) sides of the pot only if the food is fully cooked and the food is liquid it must still not have completely cooled. <Ref>Shemirat [[Shabbat]] KeHilchata 1:66 </ref> | # According to Ashkenazim, it’s permissible to insulate a pot that’s on the fire if the insulation doesn’t come into contact with all (6) sides of the pot only if the food is fully cooked and the food is liquid it must still not have completely cooled. <Ref>Shemirat [[Shabbat]] KeHilchata 1:66 </ref> | ||
## With respect to hatmana there is no issue of leaving food in an oven before or on Shabbat since the food isn't touching the heating element.<ref>Orchot Shabbat 2:86</ref> However, regarding Hachzara or Shehiya see [[Permissible_ways_to_heat_up_food_on_Shabbat#Ovens_with_Shabbos_Mode|the article on heating up foods on Shabbat]]. | ## With respect to hatmana there is no issue of leaving food in an oven before or on Shabbat since the food isn't touching the heating element.<ref>Orchot Shabbat 2:86</ref> However, regarding Hachzara or Shehiya see [[Permissible_ways_to_heat_up_food_on_Shabbat#Ovens_with_Shabbos_Mode|the article on heating up foods on Shabbat]]. | ||
# It’s permissible to insulate a Kli Sheni with cloth. <Ref>Shemirat [[Shabbat]] KeHilchata 1:68 </ref> | # It’s permissible to insulate a [[Kli Sheni]] with cloth. <Ref>Shemirat [[Shabbat]] KeHilchata 1:68 </ref> | ||
# It is forbidden on Shabbat to insulate a cold pot that is on top of a hot pot off the fire even if one only uses clothes.<ref>Mishna Brurah 258:2</ref> | # It is forbidden on Shabbat to insulate a cold pot that is on top of a hot pot off the fire even if one only uses clothes.<ref>Mishna Brurah 258:2</ref> | ||
# It’s permitted to insulate on [[Shabbat]] cold food to remove its chill or to prevent it from getting colder with material that doesn’t preserve heat like clothing or clothes. <Ref>In [[Shabbat]] 51a, Rav Yehuda in the name of Shmuel says that it’s permitted to insulate cold food. Rashi ([[Shabbat]] 51a) explains that it’s permitted to keep it cold and there’s no Gezerah of Hatmana, implying that heating up cold food even with insulation of material that doesn’t preserve heat is forbidden. Mahari MeLunil 51a, Ravan 346, Ravyah 202 pg 287, and Rabbenu Yishaya MeTeranayah pg 294 concur with Rashi. However Rambam, ([[Shabbat]] 4:4) permits insulating the cold food even to remove its coldness. Rashba 51a in name of the Geonim, Ran 23b, Nemukei Yosef 51a, and Rabbenu Yerucham pg 68c in name of Tosfot agree with the Rambam. Shulchan Aruch 257:6 rules like the Rambam. </ref> | # It’s permitted to insulate on [[Shabbat]] cold food to remove its chill or to prevent it from getting colder with material that doesn’t preserve heat like clothing or clothes. <Ref>In [[Shabbat]] 51a, Rav Yehuda in the name of Shmuel says that it’s permitted to insulate cold food. Rashi ([[Shabbat]] 51a) explains that it’s permitted to keep it cold and there’s no Gezerah of Hatmana, implying that heating up cold food even with insulation of material that doesn’t preserve heat is forbidden. Mahari MeLunil 51a, Ravan 346, Ravyah 202 pg 287, and Rabbenu Yishaya MeTeranayah pg 294 concur with Rashi. However Rambam, ([[Shabbat]] 4:4) permits insulating the cold food even to remove its coldness. Rashba 51a in name of the Geonim, Ran 23b, Nemukei Yosef 51a, and Rabbenu Yerucham pg 68c in name of Tosfot agree with the Rambam. Shulchan Aruch 257:6 rules like the Rambam. </ref> | ||
