Seudat Purim (El banquete de Purim) - Revision history

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Benkean: Página creada con «200px Se debe aumentar las festividades en Purim. Hay un requisito de comer una comida en el día Purim. Rama y S”A 695:1
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[[Image:Seudat_Purim.png|right|200px]]
Se debe aumentar las festividades en [[Purim]]. Hay un requisito de comer una comida en el día [[Purim]]. <Ref>Rama y S”A 695:1 </ref> Se detalla a continuación las costumbres de la comida de [[Purim]].
==Las costumbres de la seuda (banquete) de Purim==
# Durante la [[Seudah]] (el hipervínculo está en inglés), debe tener la intención de comer la comida para cumplir el mandato de seudat [[Purim]].<ref> S"A 60:4 dictamina como los rishonim quienes dicen que mitzvot requieren kavana (intento de cumplir la mitzva). Mishna Brurah 60:9 cita el Gaon de Vilna, quien dice que mitzvot derabanan también se requieren kavana, pero Magen Avraham no está de acuerdo. S”A 696:7 dice que comer Seudat [[Purim]] es una obligación midivrei kabalah (mandado por los projetas, lo cual es, en muchos aspectos, igual un mandato de'oraita). Por eso, Pri Megadim (M”Z 695:1) escribe que uno debe tener la intención de comer la comida para cumplir el mandato de seudat [[Purim]]. Mishna Brurah 695:4 dictamina así. </ref>
# La comida debe ser comida con amigos y familiares. <Ref> Eliya Raba 695:4 escribe que la comida debe ser comida con amigos y familiares para aumentar la felicidad. Mishna Brurah 695:9 cita Eliya Raba y agrega que debe ser una felicidad de Tora. Mire la Gemara shabat 88a, que dice que [[Purim]] fue una aceptación de la Tora a causa del amor por ella. </ref>
==Los excepciones==
# No debe ayunar en [[Purim]], a menos que es una ayuna de una pesadilla. <ref>Rama 695:2 </ref>
== La hora de Seudat Purim==
# Muchos ashkenazis tienen la minhag (costumbre de comer el banquete despúes de [[mincha]], mientras que muchos sefardis tienen la minhag de comer en la mañana.<ref>
* Rama 695:2 escribe que la minhag es comer el banquete despúes de [[mincha]], pero hay que ensegurar que la mayoría del banquete sea comido durante el día. Rabino Willig (“Practical Laws of Observance of [[Purim]]”, min 41-2) explicó que Rama quiere decir que lost partes primarios de la comida, como la pan, el carne, el vino, deben ser comidos durante el día. Shalmei Todah (p 317) explicó la dictamina de Rama así.
* However, the Maaseh Rav of the Gra (#248) recommends eating it in the morning. Kaf HaChaim 695:23 quotes kabbalistic reasons for eating Seudat [[Purim]] in the morning. </ref>Some have a minhag to eat a small meal the night of [[Purim]]. <Ref> S”A 695:1 writes that one doesn’t fulfill one’s obligation by eating a nighttime meal. The Rama adds that at night one should have a small meal. Pri Megadim E”A 695:6 presents different minhagim about having meat at the nighttime meal. </ref>
# The mitzvah of Seudat [[Purim]] is during the day and not the night, yet one should have simcha and a small meal at night (and make the meal of the day greater). <Ref>S”A and Rama 695:1, Mishna Brurah 695:3 </ref> If [[Purim]] falls out on Motzei [[Shabbat]] and Sunday, having [[Seudat Shelishit]] isn’t considered as having a small meal during the night of [[Purim]]. Rather, one should have a special meal for the sake of [[Purim]]. <Ref>Mishna Brurah 695:3 </ref>
# If one began the meal on [[Purim]] and ate past nightfall, one should still mention Al HaNissim in [[Birkat HaMazon]] <Ref>S”A and Rama 695:3 </ref> unless one already said [[Maariv]], in which case one shouldn’t say Al HaNissim. Some say that one can say it even after [[davening]] [[Maariv]]. <ref>Mishna Brurah 695:16 </ref>
==What should one eat at Seudat Purim?==
# Many poskim hold that one should eat bread and meat in the meal.<ref>
* Rambam [[Megillah]] 2:15 writes that the meal should consist of meat and wine. The Magen Avraham 696:15 questions the need for meat. Nonetheless, many poskim including Kaf HaChaim 695:6, Chazon Ovadyah pg 173, and Nitei Gavriel 71:3 agree that one should have meat. Shaar HaTziyun 695:12 implies it’s an obligation. Kovetz MeBet Levi (5758, vol 13, pg 32) writes that having meat is not MeAkev.
* The Birkei Yosef 695:1-3 and Magen Avraham 695:9 write that there’s no obligation to eat bread. However, Aruch HaShulchan 695:7, 12 argues that mishteh is defined by bread. Chayei Adam 155:30 says the same. Nitei Gavriel 71:1 and Yalkut Yosef 695:4 write that one should be strict to have bread. Mishna Brurah makes no mention of it except in Shaar HaTziyun 695:4 where he leaves it as a dispute. </ref>
==If one forgot Al HaNissim==
# If one forgot Al HaNissim in [[Benching]], one doesn’t repeat [[benching]]. However, if one remembers that he forgot Al HaNissim while still [[benching]] one should add it in the Harachaman’s by saying Harachaman Hu Yaaseh Lanu Nissim and continue with Al HaNissim. <Ref>Mishna Brurah 695:15 </ref>
==Drinking on Purim==
# The mitzvah to drink only applies to wine. Although most Rishonim seem to require one to reach a level of drunkenness <Ref> Gemara [[Megillah]] 7b. Rambam (Laws of [[Megillah]] 2:15), Rif [[Megillah]] 3a in Dapei HaRif, Rosh [[Megillah]] Perek 1 Siman 8, Tur Orach Chayim 695:1 seem to require one to reach a level of drunkenness.</ref>, most later authorities, Ashkenazic and Sephardic, hold that one should only drink a little more than what one is accustomed to drink and then sleep (see note for procedure). <Ref> The Bet Yosef 695:1 quotes the Orchot Chaim who writes that it’s forbidden to get drunk; rather the mitzvah is to drink a little more than one is accustomed to drink. Darkei Moshe HaAruch 695:2 quotes the Mahariv as saying that one should drink, and then sleep so that one doesn’t know the difference between Arur Haman and Baruch Mordechai. Rama 695:2 combines the Orchot Chaim and Mahariv saying that one should drink more than one is accustomed to drink and then sleep.
* Mishna Brurah 695:5 explicitly rules that this is the accepted halacha. This was also the minhag of Rav Shlomo Zalman (Halichot Shlomo pg 343 note 78). [http://www.yutorah.org/lectures/lecture.cfm/753214/Rabbi_Hershel_Schachter/Inyanei_Purim Rav Hershel Schachter in a shiur on yutorah.org] (“Inyanei [[Purim]]”, min 81-83) explained that one should drink a little more than one is accustomed to, and then fall asleep after the meal. Rabbi Willig (min 42-6), however, explained that according to the Rama one should drink a little, sleep, and then have the [[Seudah]], and drink a little in the meal. Yalkut Yosef 695:14 rules like the Orchot Chaim and makes no mention of sleeping. Rav Mordechai Eliyahu in MaAmer Mordechai 64:36 who seems to agree.
* Rashi [[Megillah]] 7b s.v. LeIvsumei and Rambam 2:15 specify wine and not other intoxicating drinks. Kaf HaChaim 695:6 and Nitei Gavriel 73:2 codify this as halacha. Rabbi Willig (min 44-5) rules that it’s prohibited to have intoxicating drinks other than wine on [[Purim]] or any day of the year. However, Shalmei Todah (pg 326) quotes Rav Nissim Karlitz saying that it’s not MeAkev to have wine specifically. Rav Shlomo Zalman (Halichot Shlomo pg 342, note 76) writes that grape juice does not suffice. </ref> All agree that if one going to end up violating or degrading any halacha such as [[Birkat HaMazon]], one should not get drunk. <Ref> The Chaye Adam 155:30 writes that if one knows that getting drunk will cause one to degrade fulfilling a mitzvah such as making [[Brachot]], [[Birkat HaMazon]], or [[Maariv]], one shouldn’t get drunk. This is quoted by the Beiur Halacha s.v. Ad and Kaf HaChaim 695:17. This is supported by the Mieri ([[Megillah]] 7b) who writes that we’re not commanded to have happiness of vanity and frivolity, rather one should have happiness that leads to Ahavat Hashem and a desire to thank Him for the miracles he did for us. </ref>
# If one’s parent tells one not to drink on [[purim]] one should listen to them and only drink a little more than usual. <Ref> Halichot Shlomo 19:25 </ref>
# Women are not required to drink as much. One cup or less is sufficient. <ref> Sh"t Rivevot Ephraim 1:458, Moadim Uzmanim 2:190 </ref>
# If one unintentionally causes minor damages as a result of celebrating [[purim]], one is exempt from paying for the damages. <ref> M.B 6595: 5 </ref>

Regarding reciting brachot and davening after drinking see [[Avoiding Davening After Drinking Intoxicating Beverages]].

==Sources==
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[[Category:Holidays]]
[[Category:Purim]]