Reference of Measurements in Halacha - Revision history

YitzchakSultan1: /* Money */

2025-09-05T03:14:53Z

Money

← Older revision		Revision as of 03:14, 5 September 2025
Line 191:		Line 191:
	!Sela		!Sela
	!Shekel		!Shekel
	!Dinar		!Dinar, Zuz
	!Maah		!Maah
	!Pundiyon		!Pundiyon
Line 215:		Line 215:
	\|384		\|384
	\|-		\|-
	\| style="text-align:left;" \|Dinar		\| style="text-align:left;" \|Dinar, Zuz
	\|1/4		\|1/4
	\|1/2		\|1/2

YitzchakSultan1: /* Money */

2025-09-05T03:01:53Z

Money

← Older revision		Revision as of 03:01, 5 September 2025
Line 190:		Line 190:
	!Coin<ref>Gemara Kiddushin 12a</ref>		!Coin<ref>Gemara Kiddushin 12a</ref>
	!Sela		!Sela
			!Shekel
	!Dinar		!Dinar
	!Maah		!Maah
Line 198:		Line 199:
	\| style="text-align:left;" \|Sela		\| style="text-align:left;" \|Sela
	\|1		\|1
			\|2
	\|4		\|4
	\|24		\|24
Line 203:		Line 205:
	\|96		\|96
	\|768		\|768
			\|-
			\|Shekel
			\|1/2
			\|1
			\|2
			\|12
			\|24
			\|48
			\|384
	\|-		\|-
	\| style="text-align:left;" \|Dinar		\| style="text-align:left;" \|Dinar
	\|1/4		\|1/4
			\|1/2
	\|1		\|1
	\|6		\|6
Line 214:		Line 226:
	\| style="text-align:left;" \|Maah		\| style="text-align:left;" \|Maah
	\|1/24		\|1/24
			\|1/12
	\|1/6		\|1/6
	\|1		\|1
Line 222:		Line 235:
	\| style="text-align:left;" \|Pundiyon		\| style="text-align:left;" \|Pundiyon
	\|1/48		\|1/48
			\|1/24
	\|1/12		\|1/12
	\|1/2		\|1/2
Line 230:		Line 244:
	\| style="text-align:left;" \|Isur		\| style="text-align:left;" \|Isur
	\|1/96		\|1/96
			\|1/48
	\|1/24		\|1/24
	\|1/4		\|1/4
Line 238:		Line 253:
	\| style="text-align:left;" \|Prutah		\| style="text-align:left;" \|Prutah
	\|1/768		\|1/768
			\|1/384
	\|1/192		\|1/192
	\|1/32		\|1/32

Schwartz: /* Bein HaShemashot and Tzet Hakochavim */

2024-07-23T20:43:56Z

Bein HaShemashot and Tzet Hakochavim

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:43, 23 July 2024
Line 387:		Line 387:

	*See Hazmanim B'halacha Chap 41 for a complete discussion.</ref><ref>Rabbi Hershel Schachter on [http://www.yutorah.org/lectures/lecture.cfm/728553/Rabbi_Hershel_Schachter/Shiur_on_Zmanim_in_Halacha# yutorah.org (min 43-5)] explains that many practice like the Gra regarding Tzet HaKochavim on [[Motzei Shabbat]]. See Biur HaGra and Mishna Brurah 261. Pri Megadim assumes that according to Rabbenu Tam, 72 minutes is a fixed time, but Biur Halacha 261:2 ''s.v. kodem'' writes that it varies according to one's location.</ref>		*See Hazmanim B'halacha Chap 41 for a complete discussion.</ref><ref>Rabbi Hershel Schachter on [http://www.yutorah.org/lectures/lecture.cfm/728553/Rabbi_Hershel_Schachter/Shiur_on_Zmanim_in_Halacha# yutorah.org (min 43-5)] explains that many practice like the Gra regarding Tzet HaKochavim on [[Motzei Shabbat]]. See Biur HaGra and Mishna Brurah 261. Pri Megadim assumes that according to Rabbenu Tam, 72 minutes is a fixed time, but Biur Halacha 261:2 ''s.v. kodem'' writes that it varies according to one's location.</ref>
	#Just as by ''alot hashachar'', there is a dispute among the ''poskim'' as to the value of a ''mil'' and the amount of ''mil'' between ''alot'' and ''hanetz'', so too, this dispute applies regarding ''tzet hakochavim.''		#Just as by ''alot hashachar'', there is a dispute among the ''poskim'' as to the value of a ''mil'' and the amount of ''mil'' between ''alot'' and ''hanetz'', so too, this dispute applies regarding ''tzet hakochavim.''<ref>Dvar Yom Chap. 6</ref>
	#Similarly, just as by ''alot'' there is a dispute as to whether the time is measured in degrees, ''shaot shavot,'' or ''shaot zmaniot''; that dispute applies regarding ''tzet hakochavim'' as well.<ref>There are three methods in the ''poskim'' for applying the ''zman'' of the Gra and of Rabbenu Tam: degrees, ''shaot zmaniot, shaot shavot.''		#Similarly, just as by ''alot'' there is a dispute as to whether the time is measured in degrees, ''shaot shavot,'' or ''shaot zmaniot''; that dispute applies regarding ''tzet hakochavim'' as well.<ref>There are three methods in the ''poskim'' for applying the ''zman'' of the Gra and of Rabbenu Tam: degrees, ''shaot zmaniot, shaot shavot.''
	*Degrees - The time of ''tzet hakochavim'' is an astronomical event; the timing of this varies depending on the locale and the time of year. Thus, many ''poskim'' write, that ''tzet'' cannot be calculated by time; rather, it must be based on the position of the sun below the horizon. ''Tzet'' is always when the sun is at a certain point below the horizon. According to this, the measurements given in ''mil'' actually refer to degrees. In other words, when the ''poskim'' write that ''tzet'' occurs 72 minutes after sunset, they do not mean to say that ''tzet'' occurs 72 minutes after ''shkiya'' in every locale, on every day of the year. Rather, they are discussing the time of ''tzet'' in Israel or Bavel on the equinox at which time the sun is approximately 16.1º below the horizon. By converting ''mil'' into degrees, we are merely conveying the "72 minutes" to apply them to any locale and for any time of the year.		*Degrees - The time of ''tzet hakochavim'' is an astronomical event; the timing of this varies depending on the locale and the time of year. Thus, many ''poskim'' write, that ''tzet'' cannot be calculated by time; rather, it must be based on the position of the sun below the horizon. ''Tzet'' is always when the sun is at a certain point below the horizon. According to this, the measurements given in ''mil'' actually refer to degrees. In other words, when the ''poskim'' write that ''tzet'' occurs 72 minutes after sunset, they do not mean to say that ''tzet'' occurs 72 minutes after ''shkiya'' in every locale, on every day of the year. Rather, they are discussing the time of ''tzet'' in Israel or Bavel on the equinox at which time the sun is approximately 16.1º below the horizon. By converting ''mil'' into degrees, we are merely conveying the "72 minutes" to apply them to any locale and for any time of the year.
Line 419:		Line 419:
	#Because of all these factors, there are different customs as to the time of ''bein hashmashot'' and ''tzet hakochvim.''		#Because of all these factors, there are different customs as to the time of ''bein hashmashot'' and ''tzet hakochvim.''
	#Nowadays there is a widespread ''minhag'' to start ''bein hashmashot'' at ''shkiya'' in accordance with the ''zman'' of the ''geonim.''<ref>Hazmanim B'halacha Chap 44:5. He mentions that even those who were vehement in upholding the ''minhag'' to go in accordance with Rabbenu Tam agreed to be stringent to stop all ''melacha'' on ''Erev Shabbat'' at ''shkiya.'' </ref>		#Nowadays there is a widespread ''minhag'' to start ''bein hashmashot'' at ''shkiya'' in accordance with the ''zman'' of the ''geonim.''<ref>Hazmanim B'halacha Chap 44:5. He mentions that even those who were vehement in upholding the ''minhag'' to go in accordance with Rabbenu Tam agreed to be stringent to stop all ''melacha'' on ''Erev Shabbat'' at ''shkiya.'' </ref>
	#Some ''poskim'' write, that even according to Rabbenu Tam, in areas of a lower latitude where three medium-sized stars are visible earlier, ''tzet hakochavim'' would be at the time when the stars are visible.~~<ref>~~Minchas Kohen 2:5 ''s.v.'' ''she'im'', Biur Halacha 261:2 ''s.v. kodem'' and Igros Moshe O.C. IV:62 agree. Rav Moshe writes that in New York the time for ''tzet'' according to Rabbenu Tam is 50 minutes after ''shkiya''; however, he writes that it is proper for G-d fearing Jews to wait 72 minutes to end Shabbat, as was the custom in Europe. See Hazmanim B'halacha Chap. 42 for a complete discussion.</ref>		#The time for ''tzet hakochavim'' is a bit more complicated because neither the time of Rabbenu Tam or the time of ''geonim'' coincide with the time that the stars actually become visible. There are explanations given both according to Rabbenu Tam and the ''geonim'' that the time for ''tzet hakochavim'' is ultimately dependent on the appearance of three stars.<ref>*Dvar Yom appendix 1 lists over 75 sources that the custom was to set ''tzet'' based on the appearance of stars and not based on ''mil.''

			*Some ''poskim'' write, that even according to Rabbenu Tam, in areas of a lower latitude where three medium-sized stars are visible earlier, ''tzet hakochavim'' would be at the time when the stars are visible.

			*Minchas Kohen 2:5 ''s.v.'' ''she'im'', Biur Halacha 261:2 ''s.v. kodem'' and Igros Moshe O.C. IV:62 agree. Rav Moshe writes that in New York the time for ''tzet'' according to Rabbenu Tam is 50 minutes after ''shkiya''; however, he writes that it is proper for G-d fearing Jews to wait 72 minutes to end Shabbat, as was the custom in Europe. See Hazmanim B'halacha Chap. 42 for a complete discussion.</ref> Thus, there are generally two ''minhagim'' as to when ''tzet hakochavim'' is.<ref>Dvar Yom Chap. 6:10-31</ref>
			##With the appearance of 3 stars.<ref>Dvar Yom Chap. 6:18-24</ref>
			###There are many opinions as to the number of degrees that the sun must be below the horizon for 3 medium stars to appear. They range between 5.7º and 8.1º.<ref>Dvar Yom Chap. 6:17</ref>
			###For ending ''Shabbat'', the Shulchan Aruch rules that, to avoid mistakes, one must be stringent and wait until 3 small stars are visible. The ''shiur'' for this time was set by Rav Tukatzinski at 8.5º.<ref>Dvar Yom Chap. 6:18-19</ref> Most calendars both in Israel and abroad (who are not using 72 minutes fixed) use this measurement.<ref>Dvar Yom Chap. 6:20</ref>
			####In Israel this ''shiur'' results in ''Shabbat'' ending between 36 - 42 minutes after ''shkiya'' depending on the time of year.<ref>Dvar Yom Chap. 6:21</ref>
			####In New York this ''shiur'' results in the end of ''Shabbat'' ranging from 41 - 52 minutes after ''shkiya,'' depending on the time of year.<ref>Dvar Yom Chap. 6:21</ref>
			##72 minutes fixed.<ref>Dvar Yom Chap. 6:25-31. He writes that there are many questions on the 72-minute fixed ''shiur.'' 1. It is not equally dark in all locations at all times. 2. In other areas of halacha it is not necessarily accepted that the amount of a ''mil'' is 18 minutes. If so, why are we automatically accepting that a ''mil'' is 72 minutes. Also, there are many that hold that ''tzet'' is 5 ''mil'' after ''shkiya''? He answers that since the real time for ''tzet'' is when the stars come out; therefore, the whole impetus to wait 72 minutes is really a stringency. This stringency was not accepted to its fullest. It was only accepted up until 72 fixed minutes.</ref><ref>See Hazmanim B'Halacha Chap. 44-46 that the author Rav Chaim Beinish who, at length, posits that the ''minhag'' of various places around the world of when to end ''Shabbat'' coincides with their geopraphic location. In short, he shows how places that were farther north generally went in accordance with Rabbenu Tam to wait 72 minutes. Places farther south went in accordance with the ''geonim.'' And places in between went after the ''minhag'' of 3 stars. (His goal is to prove that ultimately everyone agrees that ''tzet hakochavim'' si when 3 stars are visible.)</ref>

	==Miscellaneous==		==Miscellaneous==

Schwartz: /* Bein HaShemashot and Tzet Hakochavim */

2024-07-23T19:45:13Z

Bein HaShemashot and Tzet Hakochavim

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:45, 23 July 2024
Line 417:		Line 417:

	*Some hold that ''tzet'' is determined by fixed minutes.</ref>		*Some hold that ''tzet'' is determined by fixed minutes.</ref>
			#Because of all these factors, there are different customs as to the time of ''bein hashmashot'' and ''tzet hakochvim.''
			#Nowadays there is a widespread ''minhag'' to start ''bein hashmashot'' at ''shkiya'' in accordance with the ''zman'' of the ''geonim.''<ref>Hazmanim B'halacha Chap 44:5. He mentions that even those who were vehement in upholding the ''minhag'' to go in accordance with Rabbenu Tam agreed to be stringent to stop all ''melacha'' on ''Erev Shabbat'' at ''shkiya.'' </ref>
	#Some ''poskim'' write, that even according to Rabbenu Tam, in areas of a lower latitude where three medium-sized stars are visible earlier, ''tzet hakochavim'' would be at the time when the stars are visible.<ref>Minchas Kohen 2:5 ''s.v.'' ''she'im'', Biur Halacha 261:2 ''s.v. kodem'' and Igros Moshe O.C. IV:62 agree. Rav Moshe writes that in New York the time for ''tzet'' according to Rabbenu Tam is 50 minutes after ''shkiya''; however, he writes that it is proper for G-d fearing Jews to wait 72 minutes to end Shabbat, as was the custom in Europe. See Hazmanim B'halacha Chap. 42 for a complete discussion.</ref>		#Some ''poskim'' write, that even according to Rabbenu Tam, in areas of a lower latitude where three medium-sized stars are visible earlier, ''tzet hakochavim'' would be at the time when the stars are visible.<ref>Minchas Kohen 2:5 ''s.v.'' ''she'im'', Biur Halacha 261:2 ''s.v. kodem'' and Igros Moshe O.C. IV:62 agree. Rav Moshe writes that in New York the time for ''tzet'' according to Rabbenu Tam is 50 minutes after ''shkiya''; however, he writes that it is proper for G-d fearing Jews to wait 72 minutes to end Shabbat, as was the custom in Europe. See Hazmanim B'halacha Chap. 42 for a complete discussion.</ref>

Schwartz: /* Bein HaShemashot and Tzet Hakochavim */

2024-07-23T13:39:40Z

Bein HaShemashot and Tzet Hakochavim

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:39, 23 July 2024
Line 400:		Line 400:
	*At 16 7/8 minutes the sun is 4.4º below the horizon.		*At 16 7/8 minutes the sun is 4.4º below the horizon.

	* At 18 minutes the sun is 4.7º below the horizon.		*At 18 minutes the sun is 4.7º below the horizon.

	*According to Rabbenu Tam the degrees would be the following.		*According to Rabbenu Tam the degrees would be the following.
Line 406:		Line 406:
	*At 72 minutes the sun is 16.1º below the horizon.		*At 72 minutes the sun is 16.1º below the horizon.

	* At 90 minutes the sun is 19.75º below the horizon.		*At 90 minutes the sun is 19.75º below the horizon.

	* At 120 minutes the sun is 25.9º below the horizon.		*At 120 minutes the sun is 25.9º below the horizon.

	Shaot Zmaniot		*Shaot Zmaniot

	Some hold that the times given are the actual times for ''~~alot~~''; yet they are not measured in terms of a 60 minute hour (''shaot shavot''); rather, in terms of halachic hours (''shaot zmaniot''). For example, on a day that there are 16 hours of daylight, each halachic hour is actually 80 minutes. Taking such a day for example we could calculate the time of ''alot'' in ''shaot zmaniot'' ~~with~~ the following ~~table~~:		*Some hold that the times given are the actual times for ''tzet''; yet they are not measured in terms of a 60-minute hour (''shaot shavot''); rather, in terms of halachic hours (''shaot zmaniot''). For example, on a day that there are 16 hours of daylight, each halachic hour is actually 80 minutes. Taking such a day for example we could calculate the time of ''alot'' in ''shaot zmaniot'' the following way: 72 minutes = 96 minutes and 13.5 minutes = 18 minutes.

	~~120 minutes = 160 minutes~~		*Fixed Minutes

	~~90 minutes = 120 minutes~~		*Some hold that ''tzet'' is determined by fixed minutes.</ref>

	~~72 minutes = 96 minutes~~

	~~Fixed Minutes~~

	Some hold that ''~~alot~~'' is determined by fixed minutes~~. There are three opinions as to the measure of the mil and therefore, there are three opinions of when Alot is:~~

	~~120 minutes fixed before Netz.~~

	~~90 minutes fixed before Netz.~~

	~~72 minutes fixed before Netz~~.</ref>
	#Some ''poskim'' write, that even according to Rabbenu Tam, in areas of a lower latitude where three medium-sized stars are visible earlier, ''tzet hakochavim'' would be at the time when the stars are visible.<ref>Minchas Kohen 2:5 ''s.v.'' ''she'im'', Biur Halacha 261:2 ''s.v. kodem'' and Igros Moshe O.C. IV:62 agree. Rav Moshe writes that in New York the time for ''tzet'' according to Rabbenu Tam is 50 minutes after ''shkiya''; however, he writes that it is proper for G-d fearing Jews to wait 72 minutes to end Shabbat, as was the custom in Europe. See Hazmanim B'halacha Chap. 42 for a complete discussion.</ref>		#Some ''poskim'' write, that even according to Rabbenu Tam, in areas of a lower latitude where three medium-sized stars are visible earlier, ''tzet hakochavim'' would be at the time when the stars are visible.<ref>Minchas Kohen 2:5 ''s.v.'' ''she'im'', Biur Halacha 261:2 ''s.v. kodem'' and Igros Moshe O.C. IV:62 agree. Rav Moshe writes that in New York the time for ''tzet'' according to Rabbenu Tam is 50 minutes after ''shkiya''; however, he writes that it is proper for G-d fearing Jews to wait 72 minutes to end Shabbat, as was the custom in Europe. See Hazmanim B'halacha Chap. 42 for a complete discussion.</ref>

Schwartz: /* Bein HaShemashot and Tzet Hakochavim */ Still in middle of this footnote...

2024-07-22T20:56:15Z

Bein HaShemashot and Tzet Hakochavim: Still in middle of this footnote...

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:56, 22 July 2024
Line 388:		Line 388:
	*See Hazmanim B'halacha Chap 41 for a complete discussion.</ref><ref>Rabbi Hershel Schachter on [http://www.yutorah.org/lectures/lecture.cfm/728553/Rabbi_Hershel_Schachter/Shiur_on_Zmanim_in_Halacha# yutorah.org (min 43-5)] explains that many practice like the Gra regarding Tzet HaKochavim on [[Motzei Shabbat]]. See Biur HaGra and Mishna Brurah 261. Pri Megadim assumes that according to Rabbenu Tam, 72 minutes is a fixed time, but Biur Halacha 261:2 ''s.v. kodem'' writes that it varies according to one's location.</ref>		*See Hazmanim B'halacha Chap 41 for a complete discussion.</ref><ref>Rabbi Hershel Schachter on [http://www.yutorah.org/lectures/lecture.cfm/728553/Rabbi_Hershel_Schachter/Shiur_on_Zmanim_in_Halacha# yutorah.org (min 43-5)] explains that many practice like the Gra regarding Tzet HaKochavim on [[Motzei Shabbat]]. See Biur HaGra and Mishna Brurah 261. Pri Megadim assumes that according to Rabbenu Tam, 72 minutes is a fixed time, but Biur Halacha 261:2 ''s.v. kodem'' writes that it varies according to one's location.</ref>
	#Just as by ''alot hashachar'', there is a dispute among the ''poskim'' as to the value of a ''mil'' and the amount of ''mil'' between ''alot'' and ''hanetz'', so too, this dispute applies regarding ''tzet hakochavim.''		#Just as by ''alot hashachar'', there is a dispute among the ''poskim'' as to the value of a ''mil'' and the amount of ''mil'' between ''alot'' and ''hanetz'', so too, this dispute applies regarding ''tzet hakochavim.''
	#Similarly, just as by ''alot'' there is a dispute as to whether it is measured in degrees, ''shaot shavot,'' or ''shaot zmaniot''; ~~there is the same~~ dispute regarding ''tzet hakochavim'' as well.		#Similarly, just as by ''alot'' there is a dispute as to whether the time is measured in degrees, ''shaot shavot,'' or ''shaot zmaniot''; that dispute applies regarding ''tzet hakochavim'' as well.<ref>There are three methods in the ''poskim'' for applying the ''zman'' of the Gra and of Rabbenu Tam: degrees, ''shaot zmaniot, shaot shavot.''
	~~#Some~~ ''poskim'' ~~write, that even according to~~ Rabbenu Tam, ~~in areas~~ of ~~a lower latitude where three medium-sized stars are visible earlier,~~ ''tzet hakochavim'' ~~would be at~~ the time ~~when the stars are visible~~.~~<ref>Minchas Kohen 2:5~~ ''~~s.v~~.'' ''~~she~~'im'', ~~Biur Halacha 261:2~~ ''~~s.v. kodem~~'' ~~and Igros Moshe O.C. IV:62 agree. Rav Moshe writes~~ that ~~in New York the time for~~ ''tzet'' ~~according~~ to ~~Rabbenu Tam is 50~~ minutes after ''shkiya''~~; however~~, ~~he writes that it is proper for G-d fearing Jews to wait 72 minutes to end Shabbat, as was~~ the ~~custom in Europe~~. ~~See Hazmanim B'halacha Chap. 42 for a complete discussion.</ref><ref>There~~ are ~~three methods in~~ the ''~~poskim~~'' ~~for applying~~ the ''~~zman~~'' of the ~~Gra~~ and of ~~Rabbenu Tam: degrees, ''shaot zmaniot, shaot shavot~~.''		*Degrees - The time of ''tzet hakochavim'' is an astronomical event; the timing of this varies depending on the locale and the time of year. Thus, many ''poskim'' write, that ''tzet'' cannot be calculated by time; rather, it must be based on the position of the sun below the horizon. ''Tzet'' is always when the sun is at a certain point below the horizon. According to this, the measurements given in ''mil'' actually refer to degrees. In other words, when the ''poskim'' write that ''tzet'' occurs 72 minutes after sunset, they do not mean to say that ''tzet'' occurs 72 minutes after ''shkiya'' in every locale, on every day of the year. Rather, they are discussing the time of ''tzet'' in Israel or Bavel on the equinox at which time the sun is approximately 16.1º below the horizon. By converting ''mil'' into degrees, we are merely conveying the "72 minutes" to apply them to any locale and for any time of the year.

	*~~Degrees -~~ The ~~time~~ of ''~~tzet hakochavim~~'' is ~~an astronomical event;~~ the ~~timing~~ of ~~this varies depending~~ on the ~~locale and the~~ time ~~of year~~. ~~Thus, many~~ ''~~poskim~~'' ~~write~~, ~~that ''tzet'' cannot be calculated by time; rather~~, ~~it must be based on~~ the ~~position of~~ the sun below the horizon. ~~''Tzet''~~ is ~~always when~~ the sun is ~~at a certain point~~ below the horizon. According to ~~this,~~ the ~~measurements given in ''mil'' actually refer to~~ degrees. ~~In other words, when the ''poskim'' write that ''tzet'' occurs 72 minutes after sunset they do not mean to say that ''tzet'' occurs~~ 72 minutes ~~after ''shkiya'' in every locale, on every day of the year. Rather, they are discussing the time of ''tzet'' in Israel or Bavel on the equinox at which time~~ the sun is ~~approximately~~ 16.1º below the horizon~~. By converting ''mil'' into degrees, we are merely conveying the "72 minutes" to apply them to any locale and for any time of the year~~.		*The conversion of ''mil'' into degrees is as follows. (This is the number of degrees that the sun is below the horizon in Israel on the equinox at each time.)
			*The following applies assuming that a ''mil'' is either 18, 22.5, or 24 minutes.

			*According to the Gra the following times apply

			*At 13 1/2 minutes the sun is 3.7º below the horizon.

			*At 16 7/8 minutes the sun is 4.4º below the horizon.

			* At 18 minutes the sun is 4.7º below the horizon.

			*According to Rabbenu Tam the degrees would be the following.

			*At 72 minutes the sun is 16.1º below the horizon.

	*~~The conversion of ''mil'' into degrees is as follows. (This is the number of degrees that~~ the sun is below the horizon ~~in Israel on the equinox at each time~~.)		* At 90 minutes the sun is 19.75º below the horizon.

	At 72 minutes the sun is 16.1º below the horizon.		* At 120 minutes the sun is 25.9º below the horizon.

	Shaot Zmaniot		Shaot Zmaniot
Line 416:		Line 429:

	72 minutes fixed before Netz.</ref>		72 minutes fixed before Netz.</ref>
			#Some ''poskim'' write, that even according to Rabbenu Tam, in areas of a lower latitude where three medium-sized stars are visible earlier, ''tzet hakochavim'' would be at the time when the stars are visible.<ref>Minchas Kohen 2:5 ''s.v.'' ''she'im'', Biur Halacha 261:2 ''s.v. kodem'' and Igros Moshe O.C. IV:62 agree. Rav Moshe writes that in New York the time for ''tzet'' according to Rabbenu Tam is 50 minutes after ''shkiya''; however, he writes that it is proper for G-d fearing Jews to wait 72 minutes to end Shabbat, as was the custom in Europe. See Hazmanim B'halacha Chap. 42 for a complete discussion.</ref>

	==Miscellaneous==		==Miscellaneous==

Schwartz: /* Fixed Minutes */ I am working on consolidating this. I do not want to place all that was written for alot in the body, instead I will put it in the footnote. The reason is because there are very few who go with Rabbenu Tam for degrees. There are a few explanations for this. On top I'll write a few accepted views and on the bottom I'll explain.

2024-07-22T20:46:40Z

Fixed Minutes: I am working on consolidating this. I do not want to place all that was written for alot in the body, instead I will put it in the footnote. The reason is because there are very few who go with Rabbenu Tam for degrees. There are a few explanations for this. On top I'll write a few accepted views and on the bottom I'll explain.

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:46, 22 July 2024
Line 386:		Line 386:
	*Sefer Raavan 2 writes that ''bein hashmashot'' begins at sunset and lasts 5 ''mil'' until ''tzet hakochavim.''		*Sefer Raavan 2 writes that ''bein hashmashot'' begins at sunset and lasts 5 ''mil'' until ''tzet hakochavim.''

	*See Hazmanim B'halacha Chap 41 for a complete discussion.</ref>		*See Hazmanim B'halacha Chap 41 for a complete discussion.</ref><ref>Rabbi Hershel Schachter on [http://www.yutorah.org/lectures/lecture.cfm/728553/Rabbi_Hershel_Schachter/Shiur_on_Zmanim_in_Halacha# yutorah.org (min 43-5)] explains that many practice like the Gra regarding Tzet HaKochavim on [[Motzei Shabbat]]. See Biur HaGra and Mishna Brurah 261. Pri Megadim assumes that according to Rabbenu Tam, 72 minutes is a fixed time, but Biur Halacha 261:2 ''s.v. kodem'' writes that it varies according to one's location.</ref>
			#Just as by ''alot hashachar'', there is a dispute among the ''poskim'' as to the value of a ''mil'' and the amount of ''mil'' between ''alot'' and ''hanetz'', so too, this dispute applies regarding ''tzet hakochavim.''
			#Similarly, just as by ''alot'' there is a dispute as to whether it is measured in degrees, ''shaot shavot,'' or ''shaot zmaniot''; there is the same dispute regarding ''tzet hakochavim'' as well.
			#Some ''poskim'' write, that even according to Rabbenu Tam, in areas of a lower latitude where three medium-sized stars are visible earlier, ''tzet hakochavim'' would be at the time when the stars are visible.<ref>Minchas Kohen 2:5 ''s.v.'' ''she'im'', Biur Halacha 261:2 ''s.v. kodem'' and Igros Moshe O.C. IV:62 agree. Rav Moshe writes that in New York the time for ''tzet'' according to Rabbenu Tam is 50 minutes after ''shkiya''; however, he writes that it is proper for G-d fearing Jews to wait 72 minutes to end Shabbat, as was the custom in Europe. See Hazmanim B'halacha Chap. 42 for a complete discussion.</ref><ref>There are three methods in the ''poskim'' for applying the ''zman'' of the Gra and of Rabbenu Tam: degrees, ''shaot zmaniot, shaot shavot.''

	~~==== Applying these Times ====~~		*Degrees - The time of ''tzet hakochavim'' is an astronomical event; the timing of this varies depending on the locale and the time of year. Thus, many ''poskim'' write, that ''tzet'' cannot be calculated by time; rather, it must be based on the position of the sun below the horizon. ''Tzet'' is always when the sun is at a certain point below the horizon. According to this, the measurements given in ''mil'' actually refer to degrees. In other words, when the ''poskim'' write that ''tzet'' occurs 72 minutes after sunset they do not mean to say that ''tzet'' occurs 72 minutes after ''shkiya'' in every locale, on every day of the year. Rather, they are discussing the time of ''tzet'' in Israel or Bavel on the equinox at which time the sun is approximately 16.1º below the horizon. By converting ''mil'' into degrees, we are merely conveying the "72 minutes" to apply them to any locale and for any time of the year.
	~~# There are three methods in~~ the ''poskim'' ~~for applying~~ the ''~~zman~~'' of the ~~Gra and of Rabbenu Tam:~~ degrees, ''~~shaot zmaniot~~, ~~shaot shavot~~.''

	~~===== Degrees =====~~		*The conversion of ''mil'' into degrees is as follows. (This is the number of degrees that the sun is below the horizon in Israel on the equinox at each time.)

	# The time of ''alot hashachar'' refers to an astronomical event in which the light from the sun first becomes visible on the horizon.<ref name=":0" /> The sun's rays become visible when the sun is a certain number of degrees below the horizon. The timing of this varies depending on the locale and the time of year. Thus, many ''poskim'' write, that ''alot'' cannot be calculated by time; rather, it must be based on the position of the sun below the horizon. The first light always appears when the sun is a certain number of degrees below the horizon.		At 72 minutes the sun is 16.1º below the horizon.
	# According to this, the measurements given in ''mil'' actually refer to degrees. In other words, when the ''poskim'' write that ''alot'' occurs 72 minutes before sunrise they do not mean to say that the first light appears 72 minutes before sunrise in every locale, on every day of the year. Rather, they are discussing the time of ''alot'' in Israel or Bavel on the equinox at which time the sun is approximately 16.1º below the horizon. By converting ''mil'' into degrees, we are merely conveying the "72 minutes" to apply them to any locale and for any time of the year.<ref name=":1" />
	~~# The conversion of ''mil'' into degrees is as follows. (This is the number of degrees that the sun is below the horizon in Israel on the equinox at each time.)~~
	~~##At 120 minutes the sun is 25.9º below the horizon.<ref name=":2" />~~
	~~##At 90 minutes the sun is 19.75º below the horizon.<ref name=":3" />~~
	##At 72 minutes the sun is 16.1º below the horizon.~~<ref name=":4" />~~

	~~=====~~ Shaot Zmaniot ~~=====~~		Shaot Zmaniot
	#Some hold that the times given are the actual times for ''alot''; yet they are not measured in terms of a 60 minute hour (''shaot shavot''); rather, in terms of halachic hours (''shaot zmaniot''). For example, on a day that there are 16 hours of daylight, each halachic hour is actually 80 minutes.<ref name=":5" /> Taking such a day for example we could calculate the time of ''alot'' in ''shaot zmaniot'' with the following table:
	~~##120 minutes = 160 minutes~~
	~~##90 minutes = 120 minutes~~
	~~##72 minutes = 96 minutes~~

	~~===== Fixed Minutes =====~~		Some hold that the times given are the actual times for ''alot''; yet they are not measured in terms of a 60 minute hour (''shaot shavot''); rather, in terms of halachic hours (''shaot zmaniot''). For example, on a day that there are 16 hours of daylight, each halachic hour is actually 80 minutes. Taking such a day for example we could calculate the time of ''alot'' in ''shaot zmaniot'' with the following table:
	#Some hold that ''alot'' ~~is determined by fixed minutes.<ref name=":6" /> There~~ are ~~three opinions as to the measure~~ of ~~the mil and therefore, there are three opinions of when Alot is:~~
	~~##120 minutes fixed before Netz.<ref name=":7" />~~
	~~##90 minutes fixed before Netz.<ref name=":8" />~~
	~~##72 minutes fixed before Netz.<ref name=":9" />~~
	~~#Some~~ ''~~poskim~~'' ~~write, that even according to Rabbenu Tam~~, in ~~areas~~ of ~~a lower latitude where three medium-sized stars are visible earlier,~~ ''~~tzet hakochavim~~'' ~~would be at the time when the stars are visible.<ref>Minchas Kohen 2:5 ''s~~.~~v.'' ''she'im''~~, ~~Biur Halacha 261:2 ''s.v. kodem'' and Igros Moshe O.C. IV:62 agree. Rav Moshe writes~~ that ~~in New York the time for ''tzet'' according to Rabbenu Tam is 50 minutes after ''shkiya''; however~~, ~~he writes that it~~ is ~~proper for G-d fearing Jews to wait 72~~ minutes ~~to end Shabbat, as was the custom in Europe~~. ~~See Hazmanim B'halacha Chap. 42 for~~ a ~~complete discussion.</ref>~~
	~~#The ''Gemara'' rules that if one does a ''melacha'' on [[Shabbos\|''Shabbat'']]~~ for the ~~duration~~ of ''~~bein hashemashot~~'' ~~on Friday evening and Saturday evening, one has certainly violated [[Shabbos\|~~''~~Shabbat~~''~~]], and must bring a sin-offering. <ref>[[Shabbos]] 35b, Rambam (Hilchot [[Shabbos]] 5~~:4). This is because if one treats [[Bein Hashemashot]] as day, one broke [[Shabbos]] on Saturday evening. If one treats [[Bein Hashemashot]] as night, one violated [[Shabbos]] on Friday evening. </ref>
	~~#Therefore, one cannot perform ''melacha'' during [[Bein Hashemashot\|''bein hashemashot'']]. <ref>Mishnah [[Shabbos]] 34b </ref>~~

	=~~== Tzet HaKochavim (Emergence of the Stars) ===~~		120 minutes = 160 minutes

	~~# There~~'~~s a major dispute when~~ '~~'tzet hakochavim~~'' is~~: Rabbenu Tam assumes that it's 4 ''~~mil~~'' after [[Shekiyah\|''shekiyah'']]~~, ~~and the Gra assumes that it's~~ three ~~quarters~~ of ~~a [[mil\|''mil'']] after [[Shekiyah\|''shekiyah'']].<ref>Rabbi Hershel Schachter on [http~~:~~//www~~.yutorah.org/lectures/lecture.cfm/728553/Rabbi_Hershel_Schachter/Shiur_on_Zmanim_in_Halacha# yutorah.org (min 43-5)] explains that many practice like the Gra regarding Tzet HaKochavim on [[Motzei Shabbat]]. ~~See Biur HaGra and Mishna Brurah 261. Pri Megadim assumes that according to Rabbenu Tam,~~ 72 minutes ~~is a~~ fixed ~~time, but Biur Halacha 261:2 ''s.v. kodem'' writes that it varies according to one's location~~.</ref>		90 minutes = 120 minutes

			72 minutes = 96 minutes

			Fixed Minutes

			Some hold that ''alot'' is determined by fixed minutes. There are three opinions as to the measure of the mil and therefore, there are three opinions of when Alot is:

			120 minutes fixed before Netz.

			90 minutes fixed before Netz.

			72 minutes fixed before Netz.</ref>

	==Miscellaneous==		==Miscellaneous==

Schwartz: /* Tzet HaKochavim (Emergence of the Stars) */ The same discussion which applies for alot applies for tzet. However, I think I will put it in the footnote because most who are strict to follow Rabbenu Tam are not strict to use shaaos zmaniot or degrees. I'm still thinking what to put in and what to take out....

2024-07-22T19:41:50Z

Tzet HaKochavim (Emergence of the Stars): The same discussion which applies for alot applies for tzet. However, I think I will put it in the footnote because most who are strict to follow Rabbenu Tam are not strict to use shaaos zmaniot or degrees. I'm still thinking what to put in and what to take out....

Show changes

Schwartz: /* Bein HaShemashot */ This line is not so accurate and is written more clearly in the following line. I deleted it.

2024-07-22T14:15:00Z

Bein HaShemashot: This line is not so accurate and is written more clearly in the following line. I deleted it.

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:15, 22 July 2024
Line 366:		Line 366:
	===Bein HaShemashot===		===Bein HaShemashot===

	#~~[[Bein HaShemashot\|~~''~~Bein hashemashot~~'']] is ~~the~~ time ~~period~~ between ~~certain daytime~~ and ~~certain nighttime~~. It is ~~considered~~ a ''~~safek,~~'' ~~or doubt~~, ~~whether it~~ is ~~considered day or~~ night~~; this has many halachic ramifications~~. ~~There~~ is ~~a major dispute regarding~~ the ~~length~~ of this ~~period~~. <ref>*'''(1) Gemara [[Shabbat]]''' 34b says [[Bein HaShemashot\|bein hashemashot]] is considered as a doubt whether it is considered daytime or nighttime. When is [[Bein HaShemashot\|bein hashemashot]]? Rabbi Yehuda says that [[Bein HaShemashot\|bein hashemashot]] starts from [[Shekiyah]] when the eastern horizon darkens, and concludes 3/4 of a ''mil'' later when the upper part of the sky becomes dark as well. Rabbi Yosi says that [[Bein HaShemashot\|bein hashemashot]] is as short as the blink of an eye, though R. Yose also agrees that there is a doubt (Tosfot 34b s.v. Rabbi Yose). R. Nechemya says that it is from [[Shekiyah]] and lasts the length of time it takes to walk a half [[mil]]. [Note, a mil is 2000 amot (see above).]		#The Gemara relates, that there is a halachic period of time during twilight called ''"bein hashmashot."'' This period of time is, halachically, a mix of day and night. Before that time it is day and after which it is night.<ref>Gemara Shabbat 34b. There is a dispute there between Rabbi Yehuda Rabbi Nechemia and Rabbi Yosi. Rabbi Yehuda says that ''bein hasmashot'' begins when the sun (''lit.)'' sinks and lasts until the upper part of the eastern sky is dark. Rabbi Nechemia says that ''bein hashmashot'' starts when the sun sinks and lasts for the duration of 0.5 ''mil.'' Rabbi Yosi says that ''bein hasmashot'' lasts for "a blink of an eye". Gemara Shabbat 35b quotes Rav Yehuda in the name of Shmuel that when there is one star it is still day, two stars is ''bein hashmashot'', three stars is night. Gemara Shabbat 35a writes that the halacha is in accordance with both Rabbi Yehuda and Rabbi Yosi. Rif Shabbat Chap.2, Rosh Shabbat Chap 2:23, and others maintain that the halacha follows Shmuel as well.
			These are the bases for the discussion amongst the ''poskim'' as to the time of ''bein hashmashot''. To see how this translates into the common halacha and for a full discussion see Hazmanim B'halacha Chap. 40</ref><ref>'''(1) Gemara [[Shabbat]]''' 34b says [[Bein HaShemashot\|bein hashemashot]] is considered as a doubt whether it is considered daytime or nighttime. When is [[Bein HaShemashot\|bein hashemashot]]? Rabbi Yehuda says that [[Bein HaShemashot\|bein hashemashot]] starts from [[Shekiyah]] when the eastern horizon darkens, and concludes 3/4 of a ''mil'' later when the upper part of the sky becomes dark as well. Rabbi Yosi says that [[Bein HaShemashot\|bein hashemashot]] is as short as the blink of an eye, though R. Yose also agrees that there is a doubt (Tosfot 34b s.v. Rabbi Yose). R. Nechemya says that it is from [[Shekiyah]] and lasts the length of time it takes to walk a half [[mil]]. [Note, a mil is 2000 amot (see above).]
	*'''Explanation of Rabbi Yehuda's opinion:''' Rabba explains Rabbi Yehuda as saying that [[Bein HaShemashot]] starts from [[Shekiyah]] even though the sky is still red, while Rav Yosef says [[Bein HaShemashot]] starts from when the sun already set. It follows, says the Gemara, that according to Rabba the span of [[Bein HaShemashot]] is 3/4 of a [[mil]] and according to Rav Yosef [[Bein HaShemashot]] is 2/3 of a [[mil]].		*'''Explanation of Rabbi Yehuda's opinion:''' Rabba explains Rabbi Yehuda as saying that [[Bein HaShemashot]] starts from [[Shekiyah]] even though the sky is still red, while Rav Yosef says [[Bein HaShemashot]] starts from when the sun already set. It follows, says the Gemara, that according to Rabba the span of [[Bein HaShemashot]] is 3/4 of a [[mil]] and according to Rav Yosef [[Bein HaShemashot]] is 2/3 of a [[mil]].
	*'''Who do we follow, Rabba or Rav Yosef, in explaining Rabbi Yehuda?''' The Rif (15a) writes that since it is unclear whether halacha follows Rav Yosef or Rabba, one should be strict to follow Rabba that [[Bein HaShemashot]] begins at [[Shekiyah]]. Then he says that it seems halacha should follow Rabba because halacha always follows Rabba with three exceptions and this isn't one of them. Similarly, Rambam ([[Shabbat]] 5:4) rules like Rabba that [[Bein HaShemashot]] begins at [[Shekiyah]]. Rabbenu Yonah (quoted by Rosh [[Shabbat]] 2:23) argues that since they're not arguing about which logic is correct but about what Rav Yehuda said the halacha follows both Rabba and Rav Yosef, whichever way will be a stringency. Therefore, in context of [[accepting Shabbat]], Rama 261:1 rules like Rabba that [[Bein HaShemashot]] is 3/4 of a [[mil]].		*'''Who do we follow, Rabba or Rav Yosef, in explaining Rabbi Yehuda?''' The Rif (15a) writes that since it is unclear whether halacha follows Rav Yosef or Rabba, one should be strict to follow Rabba that [[Bein HaShemashot]] begins at [[Shekiyah]]. Then he says that it seems halacha should follow Rabba because halacha always follows Rabba with three exceptions and this isn't one of them. Similarly, Rambam ([[Shabbat]] 5:4) rules like Rabba that [[Bein HaShemashot]] begins at [[Shekiyah]]. Rabbenu Yonah (quoted by Rosh [[Shabbat]] 2:23) argues that since they're not arguing about which logic is correct but about what Rav Yehuda said the halacha follows both Rabba and Rav Yosef, whichever way will be a stringency. Therefore, in context of [[accepting Shabbat]], Rama 261:1 rules like Rabba that [[Bein HaShemashot]] is 3/4 of a [[mil]].
Line 375:		Line 376:
	*'''Does halacha follow Rabbenu Tam?''' The Shulchan Aruch 261:2 rules in accordance with Rabbenu Tam and states that from the beginning of the [[Shekiyah]] until [[Bein HaShemashot]] there's 3.25 [[mil]] and then [[Bein HaShemashot]] itself is .75 of a [[mil]], which is equivalent to the time it takes to walk 1500 [[amot]]. Beiur Halacha 261 s.v. Metechila writes that for sure one should be strict for the Gra not to do any melacha after sunset.		*'''Does halacha follow Rabbenu Tam?''' The Shulchan Aruch 261:2 rules in accordance with Rabbenu Tam and states that from the beginning of the [[Shekiyah]] until [[Bein HaShemashot]] there's 3.25 [[mil]] and then [[Bein HaShemashot]] itself is .75 of a [[mil]], which is equivalent to the time it takes to walk 1500 [[amot]]. Beiur Halacha 261 s.v. Metechila writes that for sure one should be strict for the Gra not to do any melacha after sunset.
	*'''(3) Shmuel's opinion:''' Then, Shmuel ([[Shabbat]] 35b) says that [[Bein HaShemashot]] is as long as two stars are seen in the sky, but if there’s only one star, it’s day, and if it’s three, then it’s night. The Gemara then clarifies that the stars which were discussed are medium size stars. Similarly, the Yerushalmi ([[Brachot]], cited by Ran 15a) says that [[Shabbat]] concludes when three stars can be seen in one area and not spread out. The Rambam ([[Shabbat]] 5:4) rules like Shmuel that when three medium size stars are seen it is certain nighttime. The Kesef Mishna ([[Shabbat]] 5:4) is bothered why the Rambam said that [[Bein HaShemashot]] begins from [[Shekiyah]] and ends when three stars are seen, choosing the opinion of Rabba for the beginning of [[Bein HaShemashot]] and Shmuel for the end of [[Bein HaShemashot]]. He answers that really Rabba and Shmuel agree and just describe it differently. This may also be the intent of the Rif (15a) and Rosh 2:23 who say that halacha follows Rabba as a stringency and also quote Shmuel without anyone arguing. See Or Letzion Vol. 1 YD 1:10 who offers a novel interpretation of the opinion of the Rambam that he holds like Rabbi Yose (see there for the halachic implications). See also Beur Halacha 416 who paskens like Rabbi Yose MeIkar HaDin, as well, and Chazon Ovadia Shabbat Vol. 1 pp. 264.</ref>		*'''(3) Shmuel's opinion:''' Then, Shmuel ([[Shabbat]] 35b) says that [[Bein HaShemashot]] is as long as two stars are seen in the sky, but if there’s only one star, it’s day, and if it’s three, then it’s night. The Gemara then clarifies that the stars which were discussed are medium size stars. Similarly, the Yerushalmi ([[Brachot]], cited by Ran 15a) says that [[Shabbat]] concludes when three stars can be seen in one area and not spread out. The Rambam ([[Shabbat]] 5:4) rules like Shmuel that when three medium size stars are seen it is certain nighttime. The Kesef Mishna ([[Shabbat]] 5:4) is bothered why the Rambam said that [[Bein HaShemashot]] begins from [[Shekiyah]] and ends when three stars are seen, choosing the opinion of Rabba for the beginning of [[Bein HaShemashot]] and Shmuel for the end of [[Bein HaShemashot]]. He answers that really Rabba and Shmuel agree and just describe it differently. This may also be the intent of the Rif (15a) and Rosh 2:23 who say that halacha follows Rabba as a stringency and also quote Shmuel without anyone arguing. See Or Letzion Vol. 1 YD 1:10 who offers a novel interpretation of the opinion of the Rambam that he holds like Rabbi Yose (see there for the halachic implications). See also Beur Halacha 416 who paskens like Rabbi Yose MeIkar HaDin, as well, and Chazon Ovadia Shabbat Vol. 1 pp. 264.</ref>
	#The Gemara relates, that there is a halachic period of time during twilight called ''"bein hashmashot."'' This period of time is, halachically, a mix of day and night. Before that time it is day and after which it is night.<ref>Gemara Shabbat 34b. There is a dispute there between Rabbi Yehuda Rabbi Nechemia and Rabbi Yosi. Rabbi Yehuda says that ''bein hasmashot'' begins when the sun (''lit.)'' sinks and lasts until the upper part of the eastern sky is dark. Rabbi Nechemia says that ''bein hashmashot'' starts when the sun sinks and lasts for the duration of 0.5 ''mil.'' Rabbi Yosi says that ''bein hasmashot'' lasts for "a blink of an eye". Gemara Shabbat 35b quotes Rav Yehuda in the name of Shmuel that when there is one star it is still day, two stars is ''bein hashmashot'', three stars is night. Gemara Shabbat 35a writes that the halacha is in accordance with both Rabbi Yehuda and Rabbi Yosi. Rif Shabbat Chap.2, Rosh Shabbat Chap 2:23, and others maintain that the halacha follows Shmuel as well.
	*These are the bases for the discussion amongst the ''poskim'' as to the time of ''bein hashmashot''. To see how this translates into the common halacha and for a full discussion see Hazmanim B'halacha Chap. 40</ref>
	#There is a great dispute regarding the time for ''bein hashmashot'' and the time for ''tzet hakochavim'' with many ramifications in halacha. The ''geonim'' write that ''bein hashmashot'' begins at sunset and lasts for 0.75 ''mil'' at which time it is ''tzet hakochavim.''<ref>Ginzei Kedem V pg.37, See Teshuvat Maharam Alshakar 96 quoting Teshuvat Rav Sherira Goan and Rav Hai Goan. For a more complete list see Hazmanim B'halacha - Rav Benish Chap. 41 3-5.		#There is a great dispute regarding the time for ''bein hashmashot'' and the time for ''tzet hakochavim'' with many ramifications in halacha. The ''geonim'' write that ''bein hashmashot'' begins at sunset and lasts for 0.75 ''mil'' at which time it is ''tzet hakochavim.''<ref>Ginzei Kedem V pg.37, See Teshuvat Maharam Alshakar 96 quoting Teshuvat Rav Sherira Goan and Rav Hai Goan. For a more complete list see Hazmanim B'halacha - Rav Benish Chap. 41 3-5.
	*Notably, Gra O.C. 261:11, Y.D. 262:9, and Rav Shneur Zalman of Liadi (Baal HaTanya) Siddur - Seder HaChnosat Shabbat, ''pasken'' in accordance with this view and it has thus become accepted halacha in most circles.		*Notably, Gra O.C. 261:11, Y.D. 262:9, and Rav Shneur Zalman of Liadi (Baal HaTanya) Siddur - Seder HaChnosat Shabbat, ''pasken'' in accordance with this view and it has thus become accepted halacha in most circles.

Schwartz: /* Bein HaShemashot */ I started going through this note. It said that acc. to R Yehuda bein hashmashot ends when the ball of the sun goes down. If this was my page I would take out this whole footnote. It needs a lot of clarification and I believe that it is not so important for the practical halacha. In other footnotes I wrote in a much more concise version what is needed for the page. Would you like for me to spend a few hours fixing this one up? or take it out?

2024-07-22T14:11:06Z

Bein HaShemashot: I started going through this note. It said that acc. to R Yehuda bein hashmashot ends when the ball of the sun goes down. If this was my page I would take out this whole footnote. It needs a lot of clarification and I believe that it is not so important for the practical halacha. In other footnotes I wrote in a much more concise version what is needed for the page. Would you like for me to spend a few hours fixing this one up? or take it out?

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:11, 22 July 2024
Line 366:		Line 366:
	===Bein HaShemashot===		===Bein HaShemashot===

	#[[Bein HaShemashot\|''Bein hashemashot'']] is the time period between certain daytime and certain nighttime. It is considered a ''safek,'' or doubt, whether it is considered day or night; this has many halachic ramifications. There is a major dispute regarding the length of this period. <ref>*'''(1) Gemara [[Shabbat]]''' 34b says [[Bein HaShemashot]] is considered as a doubt whether it is considered daytime or nighttime. When is [[Bein HaShemashot]]? Rabbi Yehuda says that [[Bein HaShemashot]] starts from [[Shekiyah]] and concludes when the ~~entire ball~~ of the ~~sun has set~~. Rabbi ~~Yose, however,~~ says that [[Bein HaShemashot]] is as short as the blink of an eye, though R. Yose also agrees that there is a doubt (Tosfot 34b s.v. Rabbi Yose). R. Nechemya says that it is from [[Shekiyah]] and lasts the length of time it takes to walk a half [[mil]]. [Note, a mil is 2000 amot (see above).]		#[[Bein HaShemashot\|''Bein hashemashot'']] is the time period between certain daytime and certain nighttime. It is considered a ''safek,'' or doubt, whether it is considered day or night; this has many halachic ramifications. There is a major dispute regarding the length of this period. <ref>*'''(1) Gemara [[Shabbat]]''' 34b says [[Bein HaShemashot\|bein hashemashot]] is considered as a doubt whether it is considered daytime or nighttime. When is [[Bein HaShemashot\|bein hashemashot]]? Rabbi Yehuda says that [[Bein HaShemashot\|bein hashemashot]] starts from [[Shekiyah]] when the eastern horizon darkens, and concludes 3/4 of a ''mil'' later when the upper part of the sky becomes dark as well. Rabbi Yosi says that [[Bein HaShemashot\|bein hashemashot]] is as short as the blink of an eye, though R. Yose also agrees that there is a doubt (Tosfot 34b s.v. Rabbi Yose). R. Nechemya says that it is from [[Shekiyah]] and lasts the length of time it takes to walk a half [[mil]]. [Note, a mil is 2000 amot (see above).]
	*'''Explanation of Rabbi Yehuda's opinion:''' Rabba explains Rabbi Yehuda as saying that [[Bein HaShemashot]] starts from [[Shekiyah]] even though the sky is still red, while Rav Yosef says [[Bein HaShemashot]] starts from when the sun already set. It follows, says the Gemara, that according to Rabba the span of [[Bein HaShemashot]] is 3/4 of a [[mil]] and according to Rav Yosef [[Bein HaShemashot]] is 2/3 of a [[mil]].		*'''Explanation of Rabbi Yehuda's opinion:''' Rabba explains Rabbi Yehuda as saying that [[Bein HaShemashot]] starts from [[Shekiyah]] even though the sky is still red, while Rav Yosef says [[Bein HaShemashot]] starts from when the sun already set. It follows, says the Gemara, that according to Rabba the span of [[Bein HaShemashot]] is 3/4 of a [[mil]] and according to Rav Yosef [[Bein HaShemashot]] is 2/3 of a [[mil]].
	*'''Who do we follow, Rabba or Rav Yosef, in explaining Rabbi Yehuda?''' The Rif (15a) writes that since it is unclear whether halacha follows Rav Yosef or Rabba, one should be strict to follow Rabba that [[Bein HaShemashot]] begins at [[Shekiyah]]. Then he says that it seems halacha should follow Rabba because halacha always follows Rabba with three exceptions and this isn't one of them. Similarly, Rambam ([[Shabbat]] 5:4) rules like Rabba that [[Bein HaShemashot]] begins at [[Shekiyah]]. Rabbenu Yonah (quoted by Rosh [[Shabbat]] 2:23) argues that since they're not arguing about which logic is correct but about what Rav Yehuda said the halacha follows both Rabba and Rav Yosef, whichever way will be a stringency. Therefore, in context of [[accepting Shabbat]], Rama 261:1 rules like Rabba that [[Bein HaShemashot]] is 3/4 of a [[mil]].		*'''Who do we follow, Rabba or Rav Yosef, in explaining Rabbi Yehuda?''' The Rif (15a) writes that since it is unclear whether halacha follows Rav Yosef or Rabba, one should be strict to follow Rabba that [[Bein HaShemashot]] begins at [[Shekiyah]]. Then he says that it seems halacha should follow Rabba because halacha always follows Rabba with three exceptions and this isn't one of them. Similarly, Rambam ([[Shabbat]] 5:4) rules like Rabba that [[Bein HaShemashot]] begins at [[Shekiyah]]. Rabbenu Yonah (quoted by Rosh [[Shabbat]] 2:23) argues that since they're not arguing about which logic is correct but about what Rav Yehuda said the halacha follows both Rabba and Rav Yosef, whichever way will be a stringency. Therefore, in context of [[accepting Shabbat]], Rama 261:1 rules like Rabba that [[Bein HaShemashot]] is 3/4 of a [[mil]].