User:Lewkowicz

Lewkowicz — Wed, 24 Jun 2026 17:32:57 GMT

User account Lewkowicz was created

Lashon Hara

YitzchakSultan1 — Tue, 23 Jun 2026 13:31:06 GMT

In front of one's fellow

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	#It’s forbidden to say Lashon Hara even if one isn’t doing it out of hatred and intent to speak negatively about one’s fellow and even if it’s just a joke it’s a biblical prohibition.<ref>Rambam Deot 7:4, Chafetz Chaim (Lashon Hara 3:3) </ref>		#It’s forbidden to say Lashon Hara even if one isn’t doing it out of hatred and intent to speak negatively about one’s fellow and even if it’s just a joke it’s a biblical prohibition.<ref>Rambam Deot 7:4, Chafetz Chaim (Lashon Hara 3:3) </ref>
	#It is forbidden to say Lashon Hara even if one doesn’t mention the name of one’s fellow but it’s clear from the discussion who that fellow is.<ref>Chafetz Chaim (Lashon Hara 3:4) </ref>		#It is forbidden to say Lashon Hara even if one doesn’t mention the name of one’s fellow but it’s clear from the discussion who that fellow is.<ref>Chafetz Chaim (Lashon Hara 3:4) </ref>
	#Lashon Hara includes speech which isn’t negative about one’s fellow but it can cause one’s fellow embarrassment and the speaker intended this..<ref>Chafetz Chaim (Lashon Hara 3:4) </ref>		#Lashon Hara includes speech which isn’t negative about one’s fellow but it can cause one’s fellow embarrassment and the speaker intended this.<ref>Chafetz Chaim (Lashon Hara 3:4) </ref>
	#It’s forbidden even if one says it casually pretending not to know that one is saying Lashon Hara or that these are the deeds of that fellow.<ref>Rambam Deot 7:4, Chafetz Chaim (Lashon Hara 3:5) </ref>		#It’s forbidden even if one says it casually pretending not to know that one is saying Lashon Hara or that these are the deeds of that fellow.<ref>Rambam Deot 7:4, Chafetz Chaim (Lashon Hara 3:5) </ref>
	#One may not say any negative about one’s fellow even if it will not cause any bad to my fellow.<ref>Chafetz Chaim (Lashon Hara 3:6) </ref>		#One may not say any negative about one’s fellow even if it will not cause any bad to my fellow.<ref>Chafetz Chaim (Lashon Hara 3:6) </ref>
	#If one sees one’s fellow do a sin if he is God fearing one must judge his favorably, if he is in between and the situation is unclear whether he was doing something wrong or not one must judge him favorably and even if the situation leans to the side that he was doing ~~seomthing~~ wrong it’s very proper to leave it as a doubt and not judge him negatively. If the situation is leaning to the side that he didn’t do something wrong it’s forbidden to judge him negatively.<ref>Chafetz Chaim (Lashon Hara 3:7) </ref>
			=== Judging People Favorably ===
			#If one sees one’s fellow do a sin if he is God fearing one must judge his favorably even if the situation appears to be wrong. I he is an average person, in between, and the situation is unclear whether he was doing something wrong or not, one must judge him favorably and even if the situation leans to the side that he was doing something wrong it’s very proper to leave it as a doubt and not judge him negatively. If the situation is leaning to the side that he didn’t do something wrong it’s forbidden to judge him negatively.<ref>Chafetz Chaim (Lashon Hara 3:7), Shaarei Teshuva of Rabbenu Yona 218 </ref>

	==Saying Lashon Harah without conditions==		==Saying Lashon Harah without conditions==

When Does Shabbat End?

NachiScheiner — Mon, 22 Jun 2026 20:17:09 GMT

In Minutes

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:17, 22 June 2026
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	*Birur Halacha p. 98 notes that the Aruch Hashulchan 261 and Rav Ovadia Yosef in Yabia Omer YD 2:21 work with shaot zmaniyot and not degrees below horizon. He disagrees particularly because in the winter zmaniot hours are shorter and according to degrees below the horizon the sun sets slower than an equinox day.</ref>		*Birur Halacha p. 98 notes that the Aruch Hashulchan 261 and Rav Ovadia Yosef in Yabia Omer YD 2:21 work with shaot zmaniyot and not degrees below horizon. He disagrees particularly because in the winter zmaniot hours are shorter and according to degrees below the horizon the sun sets slower than an equinox day.</ref>

	In degrees, the most lenient views use 4.8 degrees, which corresponds to about 15 minutes after sunset in Israel.<ref>[https://ph.yhb.org.il/en/05-07-03/ Peninei Halacha] uses 4.8 degrees below horizon for 14 minutes after sunset in Jerusalem on Tzom Gedalya which is close to the equinox. Rav Tukachinsky in [https://www.hebrewbooks.org/pdfpager.aspx?req=6656&st=&pgnum=82 Ben Hashemashot p. 72] writes 4.5 degrees below horizon for the Gra.</ref> Some use 18.6 minutes in Israel after sunset corresponding with 4.85 degrees and others use 24 minute (Baal Hatanya) corresponding with 6.00 degrees.<ref>Zmanim Khalacha (English section p. 312), myzmanim. [Note, that it seems that this calculation of the Baal Hatanya's tzeit is based on an understanding that he holds we're concerned that sunset is not until 4 minutes after sunset and then ben hashemashot begins, which takes 18 minutes according to Rabbi Yehuda and another 2 minutes for Rabbi Yosi. However, it seems in Piskei Hasiddur of the Baal Hatanya (ch. Hachnasat Shabbat) that he writes that 4 minutes is because someone who doesn't seem the sun dip below the horizon must be concerned 4 minutes earlier when the sun dips below the top of the trees. That being the case there is no reason to consider 24 minutes after sunset, only 24 minutes from the tops of the trees or 20 minutes after sunset.] [https://ph.yhb.org.il/en/05-07-03/ Peninei Halacha] quotes some who use 6.2 degrees since that corresponds to when stars are visible to most people.</ref>		In degrees, the most lenient views use 4.8 degrees, which corresponds to about 15 minutes after sunset in Israel.<!-- This calculation seems incorrect. Using https://www.suncalc.org/#/31.7733,35.239,12/2026.09.23/04:48/1/3
			it comes out to around 4 degrees at the equinox. --><ref>[https://ph.yhb.org.il/en/05-07-03/ Peninei Halacha] uses 4.8 degrees below horizon for 14 minutes after sunset in Jerusalem on Tzom Gedalya which is close to the equinox. Rav Tukachinsky in [https://www.hebrewbooks.org/pdfpager.aspx?req=6656&st=&pgnum=82 Ben Hashemashot p. 72] writes 4.5 degrees below horizon for the Gra.</ref> Some use 18.6 minutes in Israel after sunset corresponding with 4.85 degrees and others use 24 minute (Baal Hatanya) corresponding with 6.00 degrees.<ref>Zmanim Khalacha (English section p. 312), myzmanim. [Note, that it seems that this calculation of the Baal Hatanya's tzeit is based on an understanding that he holds we're concerned that sunset is not until 4 minutes after sunset and then ben hashemashot begins, which takes 18 minutes according to Rabbi Yehuda and another 2 minutes for Rabbi Yosi. However, it seems in Piskei Hasiddur of the Baal Hatanya (ch. Hachnasat Shabbat) that he writes that 4 minutes is because someone who doesn't seem the sun dip below the horizon must be concerned 4 minutes earlier when the sun dips below the top of the trees. That being the case there is no reason to consider 24 minutes after sunset, only 24 minutes from the tops of the trees or 20 minutes after sunset.] [https://ph.yhb.org.il/en/05-07-03/ Peninei Halacha] quotes some who use 6.2 degrees since that corresponds to when stars are visible to most people.</ref>

	==Halacha==		==Halacha==
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	*There are those that say that according to the strict letter of the law in Israel Shabbat ends 20 minutes after sunset.<ref>[https://www.yalkut.info/%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%9F-%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%92-%D7%96%D7%9E%D7%9F-%D7%A6%D7%90%D7%AA-%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%AA/ Kitzur Shulchan Aruch Yalkut Yosef 293:3] He assumes that the Ikar Hadin is like the Vilna Gaon. Taking into account the possibility of a 24 minute ''mil'' - Tzeit Hakochavim would be 18 minutes after sunset. He further asserts that the published times for the end of Shabbat have no basis in Halacha.</ref>		*There are those that say that according to the strict letter of the law in Israel Shabbat ends 20 minutes after sunset.<ref>[https://www.yalkut.info/%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%9F-%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%92-%D7%96%D7%9E%D7%9F-%D7%A6%D7%90%D7%AA-%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%AA/ Kitzur Shulchan Aruch Yalkut Yosef 293:3] He assumes that the Ikar Hadin is like the Vilna Gaon. Taking into account the possibility of a 24 minute ''mil'' - Tzeit Hakochavim would be 18 minutes after sunset. He further asserts that the published times for the end of Shabbat have no basis in Halacha.</ref>
	*Others hold that Shabbat ends 24 minutes after sunset in the winter and 30 in the summer in Israel.<ref>Ketzot HaShulchan 93:2. Shemirat Shabbat Kehilchata (ch. 20 fnt. 45) cites Rav Shlomo Zalman Auerbach as saying that the minhag is to consider it Ben Hashemashot for 25 minutes.</ref>		*Others hold that Shabbat ends 24 minutes after sunset in the winter and 30 in the summer in Israel.<ref>Ketzot HaShulchan 93:2. Shemirat Shabbat Kehilchata (ch. 46 fnt. 45) cites Rav Shlomo Zalman Auerbach<!-- This was stated regarding a baby born firday night and bris milah- shemiras shabbos k'hilchisa does not cite this regarding doing melacha on motz"s. --> as saying that the minhag is to consider it Ben Hashemashot for 25 minutes.</ref>
	*Some say Shabbat ends 36 minutes after sunset on the equinox and 38 in the summer.<ref>[https://www.hebrewbooks.org/pdfpager.aspx?req=6656&st=&pgnum=52 Rav Tukachinsky p. 51] writes that for ending Shabbat we follow the small stars and for the equinox it was 36 minutes and in the summer 38 minutes.</ref>		*Some say Shabbat ends 36 minutes after sunset<!-- He seems to say around the equinox, when twilight is the shortest, it is 32 minutes. 36 minutes is on an average day (in between summer solstice and equinox). --> on the equinox and 38 in the summer.<ref>[https://www.hebrewbooks.org/pdfpager.aspx?req=6656&st=&pgnum=52 Rav Tukachinsky p. 51] writes that for ending Shabbat we follow the small stars and for the equinox it was 36 minutes and in the summer 38 minutes.</ref>
	*Some say Shabbat ends 40 minutes after sunset.<ref>Minhag of the printed calendars as recorded in [https://www.hebrewbooks.org/pdfpager.aspx?req=51651&st=&pgnum=106 Sefer Birur Halacha Tinyana OC 293 v. 2 p. 96]</ref>		*Some say Shabbat ends 40 minutes after sunset.<ref>Minhag of the printed calendars as recorded in [https://www.hebrewbooks.org/pdfpager.aspx?req=51651&st=&pgnum=106 Sefer Birur Halacha Tinyana OC 293 v. 2 p. 96]</ref>
	*Those who were more stringent held that Shabbat should end 45-50 minutes after sunset in Israel.<ref>Dinim V'Hanhagot 8:7 in the name of the Chazon Ish. Rav Aharon M'Belz instructed that one should wait 50 minutes after sunset in Israel. Bayit Neeman 1:28 deals with how the oral reports that the Chazon Ish for only 45 minutes after sunset fits with the letter of the Chazon Ish (Igrot 2:41) that seems to advocate following Rabbenu Tam.</ref>		*Those who were more stringent held that Shabbat should end 45-50 minutes after sunset in Israel.<ref>Dinim V'Hanhagot 8:7 in the name of the Chazon Ish. Rav Aharon M'Belz instructed that one should wait 50 minutes after sunset in Israel. Bayit Neeman 1:28 deals with how the oral reports that the Chazon Ish for only 45 minutes after sunset fits with the letter of the Chazon Ish (Igrot 2:41) that seems to advocate following Rabbenu Tam.</ref>
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	#Using the 40 minutes even for a summer day in Jerusalem,<ref>Kaf HaChayim on Shulchan Arukh Orach Chayim 331:35:1 writes that minhag is to assume it is nighttime after 40 minutes in Jerusalem.</ref> that is equivalent to 8.085 degrees below horizon, which would yield 48 minutes on a equinox day in Amsterdam (where the Minchat Cohen lived) and 72 minutes in the summer for Warsaw. He notes that the Minchat Cohen (2:5) advocated for Rabbeinu Tam but upon investigation came to the conclusion that the method of stars emerging occurred at 48 minutes.<ref>[https://www.hebrewbooks.org/pdfpager.aspx?req=51651&st=&pgnum=106 Birur Halacha Tinyana p. 96]</ref>		#Using the 40 minutes even for a summer day in Jerusalem,<ref>Kaf HaChayim on Shulchan Arukh Orach Chayim 331:35:1 writes that minhag is to assume it is nighttime after 40 minutes in Jerusalem.</ref> that is equivalent to 8.085 degrees below horizon, which would yield 48 minutes on a equinox day in Amsterdam (where the Minchat Cohen lived) and 72 minutes in the summer for Warsaw. He notes that the Minchat Cohen (2:5) advocated for Rabbeinu Tam but upon investigation came to the conclusion that the method of stars emerging occurred at 48 minutes.<ref>[https://www.hebrewbooks.org/pdfpager.aspx?req=51651&st=&pgnum=106 Birur Halacha Tinyana p. 96]</ref>

	For an '''equinox day''' here's a timetable of Tzet Hakochavim times according to degrees based on [https://www.myzmanim.com\| MyZmanim.com] and Sefer Zmanim Khalacha.		For an '''equinox day''' here's a timetable of Tzet Hakochavim times according to degrees based on [https://www.myzmanim.com\| MyZmanim.com] and Sefer Zmanim Khalacha.<!-- For 13.5 minutes in Yerushalayim, I calculated 3.8 degrees. See:
			https://www.suncalc.org/#/31.7733,35.239,12/2026.09.23/04:48/1/3 -->
	{\| class="wikitable sortable"		{\| class="wikitable sortable"
	\|-		\|-

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User:Lewkowicz

Lashon Hara

When Does Shabbat End?