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Seudat Purim

2014-03-09T19:36:15Z

DavidPardo: corrected reference

[[Image:Seudat_Purim.png|right|200px]]
One should increase in festivities on [[Purim]]. There is mitzvah to eat one meal on the day of [[Purim]]. <Ref>Rama and S”A 695:1 </ref> Below are the details of the meal of [[Purim]].
==Practices of Seudat Purim==
# When one has the [[Seudah]], one should have intent that one is eating the meal in order to fulfill the mitzvah of Seudat [[Purim]].<ref> S"A 60:4 rules like the Rishonim who say that Mitzvot need kavana. Mishna Brurah 60:9 quotes the Gra who says that mitzvot derabbanan also need kavana, while the Magen Avraham disagrees. It’s clear from S”A 696:7 that eating Seudat [[Purim]] is MeDivrei Kabbalah (which in some respects is similar to a Deoritta). Therefore, Pri Megadim (M”Z 695:1) writes that one should have intent that one is eating the meal to fulfill the mitzvah of Seudat [[Purim]]. Mishna Brurah 695:4 quotes this as halacha. </ref>
# The meal should be eaten with friends and family. <Ref> Eliyah Rabba 695:4 writes that the meal should be eaten with family and friends in order to have Simcha. Mishna Brurah 695:9 quotes this and adds that it should be a Simcha of Torah. See Gemara [[Shabbat]] 88a which says that [[Purim]] was a Kabbalah MeAhava of the Torah. </ref>
==Exceptions==
# It is improper to fast on [[Purim]] unless it is a fast for a nightmare. <ref> Rama 695:2 </ref>
==When should one eat Seudat Purim?==
# Many Ashkenazim have the minhag to eat the meal after [[mincha]], while many Sephardim have the minhag to eat the meal in the morning.<ref>
* Rama 695:2 writes that the minhag is to eat the meal after [[mincha]], but one should ensure that majority of the meal is eaten during the day. Rabbi Willig (“Practical Laws of Observance of [[Purim]]”, min 41-2) explained that the Rama means that the primary parts of the meal such as the bread, meat, and wine should be consumed during the day. Shalmei Todah (pg 317) also explains the Rama this way.
* However, the Maaseh Rav of the Gra (#248) recommends eating it in the morning. Kaf HaChaim 695:23 quotes kabbalistic reasons for eating Seudat [[Purim]] in the morning. </ref>Some have a minhag to eat a small meal the night of [[Purim]]. <Ref> S”A 695:1 writes that one doesn’t fulfill one’s obligation by eating a nighttime meal. The Rama adds that at night one should have a small meal. Pri Megadim E”A 695:6 presents different minhagim about having meat at the nighttime meal. </ref>
# The mitzvah of Seudat [[Purim]] is during the day and not the night, yet one should have simcha and a small meal at night (and make the meal of the day greater). <Ref>S”A and Rama 695:1, Mishna Brurah 695:3 </ref> If [[Purim]] falls out on Motzei [[Shabbat]] and Sunday, having [[Seudat Shelishit]] isn’t considered as having a small meal during the night of [[Purim]]. Rather, one should have a special meal for the sake of [[Purim]]. <Ref>Mishna Brurah 695:3 </ref>
# If one began the meal on [[Purim]] and ate past nightfall, one should still mention Al HaNissim in [[Birkat HaMazon]] <Ref>S”A and Rama 695:3 </ref> unless one already said [[Maariv]], in which case one shouldn’t say Al HaNissim. Some say that one can say it even after [[davening]] [[Maariv]]. <ref>Mishna Brurah 695:16 </ref>
==What should one eat at Seudat Purim?==
# Many poskim hold that one should eat bread and meat in the meal.<ref>
* Rambam [[Megillah]] 2:15 writes that the meal should consist of meat and wine. The Magen Avraham 696:15 questions the need for meat. Nonetheless, many poskim including Kaf HaChaim 695:6, Chazon Ovadyah pg 173, and Nitei Gavriel 71:3 agree that one should have meat. Shaar HaTziyun 695:12 implies it’s an obligation. Kovetz MeBet Levi (5758, vol 13, pg 32) writes that having meat is not MeAkev.
* The Birkei Yosef 695:1-3 and Magen Avraham 695:9 write that there’s no obligation to eat bread. However, Aruch HaShulchan 695:7, 12 argues that mishteh is defined by bread. Chayei Adam 155:30 says the same. Nitei Gavriel 71:1 and Yalkut Yosef 695:4 write that one should be strict to have bread. Mishna Brurah makes no mention of it except in Shaar HaTziyun 695:4 where he leaves it as a dispute. </ref>
==If one forgot Al HaNissim==
# If one forgot Al HaNissim in [[Benching]], one doesn’t repeat [[benching]]. However, if one remembers that he forgot Al HaNissim while still [[benching]] one should add it in the Harachaman’s by saying Harachaman Hu Yaaseh Lanu Nissim and continue with Al HaNissim. <Ref>Mishna Brurah 695:15 </ref>
==Drinking on Purim==
# The mitzvah to drink only applies to wine. Although most Rishonim seem to require one to reach a level of drunkenness <Ref> Gemara [[Megillah]] 7b. Rambam (Laws of [[Megillah]] 2:15), Rif [[Megillah]] 3a in Dapei HaRif, Rosh [[Megillah]] Perek 1 Siman 8, Tur Orach Chayim 695:1 seem to require one to reach a level of drunkenness.</ref>, most later authorities, Ashkenazic and Sephardic, hold that one should only drink a little more than what one is accustomed to drink and then sleep (see note for procedure). <Ref> The Bet Yosef 695:1 quotes the Orchot Chaim who writes that it’s forbidden to get drunk; rather the mitzvah is to drink a little more than one is accustomed to drink. Darkei Moshe HaAruch 695:2 quotes the Mahariv as saying that one should drink, and then sleep so that one doesn’t know the difference between Arur Haman and Baruch Mordechai. Rama 695:2 combines the Orchot Chaim and Mahariv saying that one should drink more than one is accustomed to drink and then sleep.
* Mishna Brurah 695:5 explicitly rules that this is the accepted halacha. This was also the minhag of Rav Shlomo Zalman (Halichot Shlomo pg 343 note 78). [http://www.yutorah.org/lectures/lecture.cfm/753214/Rabbi_Hershel_Schachter/Inyanei_Purim Rav Hershel Schachter in a shiur on yutorah.org] (“Inyanei [[Purim]]”, min 81-83) explained that one should drink a little more than one is accustomed to, and then fall asleep after the meal. Rabbi Willig (min 42-6), however, explained that according to the Rama one should drink a little, sleep, and then have the [[Seudah]], and drink a little in the meal. Yalkut Yosef 695:14 rules like the Orchot Chaim and makes no mention of sleeping. Rav Mordechai Eliyahu in MaAmer Mordechai 64:36 who seems to agree.
* Rashi [[Megillah]] 7b s.v. LeIvsumei and Rambam 2:15 specify wine and not other intoxicating drinks. Kaf HaChaim 695:6 and Nitei Gavriel 73:2 codify this as halacha. Rabbi Willig (min 44-5) rules that it’s prohibited to have intoxicating drinks other than wine on [[Purim]] or any day of the year. However, Shalmei Todah (pg 326) quotes Rav Nissim Karlitz saying that it’s not MeAkev to have wine specifically. Rav Shlomo Zalman (Halichot Shlomo pg 342, note 76) writes that grape juice does not suffice. </ref> All agree that if one going to end up violating or degrading any halacha such as [[Birkat HaMazon]], one should not get drunk. <Ref> The Chaye Adam 155:30 writes that if one knows that getting drunk will cause one to degrade fulfilling a mitzvah such as making [[Brachot]], [[Birkat HaMazon]], or [[Maariv]], one shouldn’t get drunk. This is quoted by the Beiur Halacha s.v. Ad and Kaf HaChaim 695:17. This is supported by the Mieri ([[Megillah]] 7b) who writes that we’re not commanded to have happiness of vanity and frivolity, rather one should have happiness that leads to Ahavat Hashem and a desire to thank Him for the miracles he did for us. </ref>
# If one’s parent tells one not to drink on [[purim]] one should listen to them and only drink a little more than usual. <Ref> Halichot Shlomo 19:25 </ref>
# Women are not required to drink as much. One cup or less is sufficient. <ref> Sh"t Rivevot Ephraim 1:458, Moadim Uzmanim 2:190 </ref>
# If one damages property as a result of celebrating [[purim]], one is exempt from paying for the damages. <ref> Rama 695:2 </ref>
==Sources==
<references/>
[[Category:Holidays]]
[[Category:Purim]]

Four Parshiot

2014-03-09T16:53:19Z

DavidPardo: 4 references to Piskei Teshuvot siman 695 were changed to siman 685

==Introduction==
# In the [[month of Adar]] there are 4 Parshiot that are read after the weekly פרשה each [[Shabbat]]. The maftir on the first [[Shabbat]] after [[Rosh Chodesh]] Adar is Parshat Shekalim. The maftir on the second [[Shabbat]] after [[Rosh Chodesh]] Adar is Parshat Zachor. The maftir on the third [[Shabbat]] after [[Rosh Chodesh]] Adar is Parshat Parah. The maftir on the four [[Shabbat]] after [[Rosh Chodesh]] Adar is Parshat HaChodesh. <Ref>S”A 685:1, Mishna Brurah 685:1. Although most poskim hold that the obligation for shkalim and hachodesh are midirabanan there is the opinion of the Elya Rabba 685 in the name of the Rashba [[Brachot]] 13a who maintains that all 4 Parshiyot are biblical obligations </ref>
# Parshat Shekalim is to remember the mitzvah to donate half-shkalim in the time of the Bet HaMikdash. Parshat Zachor is to remember the mitzvah of detstroying Amalek in proximity to the story of [[purim]]. Parshat Parah is in commemoration of the parah adumah done before the inauguration of Mishkan and serves as a [[prayer]] to be purified by Hashem. Parshat HaChodesh is to sanctify the new moon of Nissan (which is the beginning of the year in some respects) even though isn’t the primary sanctification of the moon. <Ref>Mishna Brurah 685:1 </ref>
# If one missed reading the פרשה of the week there’s no make up. <Ref>Mishna Brurah 685:2 </ref>
==Calenders of Adar==
Here are the four possible permutations of how Adar could turn out on the calendar.
<table width="700" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" bordercolor="#000000" bgcolor="#FFFFFF"><tr>
<td>
Sunday
</td>
<td>
Monday
</td>
<td>
Tuesday
</td>
<td>
Wednesday
</td>
<td>
Thursday
</td>
<td>
Friday
</td>
<td>
Saturday
</td>
</tr><tr>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td>1 [[Rosh Chodesh]], Shekalim
</td>
</tr><tr>
<td>
2
</td>
<td>
3
</td>
<td>
4
</td>
<td>
5
</td>
<td>
6
</td>
<td>
7
</td>
<td>
8 Zachor
</td>
</tr><tr>
<td>
9
</td>
<td>
10
</td>
<td>
11
</td>
<td>
12
</td>
<td>
13
</td>
<td>
14
</td>
<td>
15
</td>
</tr><tr>
<td>
16
</td>
<td>
17
</td>
<td>
18
</td>
<td>
19
</td>
<td>
20
</td>
<td>
21
</td>
<td>
22 Parah
</td>
</tr><tr>
<td>
23
</td>
<td>
24
</td>
<td>
25
</td>
<td>
26
</td>
<td>
27
</td>
<td>28</td> <td>29 HaChodesh</td>
</tr><tr>
</table>

<table width="700" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" bordercolor="#000000" bgcolor="#FFFFFF"><tr>
<td> Sunday </td>
<td> Monday </td>
<td> Tuesday </td>
<td> Wednesday </td>
<td> Thursday </td>
<td> Friday </td>
<td> Saturday </td>
</tr><tr>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> Shekalim </td>
</tr><tr>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> 1 </td>
<td> 2 </td>
</tr><tr>
<td> 3 </td>
<td> 4 </td>
<td> 5 </td>
<td> 6 </td>
<td> 7 </td>
<td> 8 </td>
<td> 9 Zachor </td>
</tr><tr>
<td> 10 </td>
<td> 11 </td>
<td> 12 </td>
<td> 13 </td>
<td> 14 </td>
<td> 15 </td>
<td> 16 </td>
</tr><tr>
<td> 17 </td>
<td> 18 </td>
<td> 19 </td>
<td> 20 </td>
<td> 21 </td>
<td> 22 </td>
<td> 23 Parah </td>
</tr><tr>
<td> 23 </td>
<td> 24 </td>
<td> 25 </td>
<td> 26 </td>
<td> 27 </td>
<td> 28 </td>
<td> 29 HaChodesh </td>
</tr><tr>
</table>

<table width="700" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" bordercolor="#000000" bgcolor="#FFFFFF"><tr>
<td> Sunday </td>
<td> Monday </td>
<td> Tuesday </td>
<td> Wednesday </td>
<td> Thursday </td>
<td> Friday </td>
<td> Saturday </td>
</tr><tr>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> Shekalim </td>
</tr><tr>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> 3 </td>
<td> 4 </td>
</tr><tr>
<td> 5 </td>
<td> 6 </td>
<td> 7 </td>
<td> 8 </td>
<td> 9 </td>
<td> 10 </td>
<td> 11 Zachor </td>
</tr><tr>
<td> 12 </td>
<td> 13 </td>
<td> 14 </td>
<td> 15 </td>
<td> 16 </td>
<td> 17 </td>
<td> 18 Parah </td>
</tr><tr>
<td> 19 </td>
<td> 20 </td>
<td> 21 </td>
<td> 22 </td>
<td> 23 </td>
<td> 24 </td>
<td> 25 HaChodesh </td>
</tr><tr>
<td> 26 </td>
<td> 27 </td>
<td> 28 </td>
<td> 29 </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
</tr><tr>
</table>

<table width="700" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" bordercolor="#000000" bgcolor="#FFFFFF"><tr>
<td> Sunday </td>
<td> Monday </td>
<td> Tuesday </td>
<td> Wednesday </td>
<td> Thursday </td>
<td> Friday </td>
<td> Saturday </td>
</tr><tr>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> Shekalim </td>
</tr><tr>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> 5 </td>
<td> 6 </td>
</tr><tr>
<td> 7 </td>
<td> 8 </td>
<td> 9 </td>
<td> 10 </td>
<td> 11 </td>
<td> 12 </td>
<td> 13 Zachor </td>
</tr><tr>
<td> 14 </td>
<td> 15 </td>
<td> 16 </td>
<td> 17 </td>
<td> 18 </td>
<td> 19 </td>
<td> 20 Parah </td>
</tr><tr>
<td> 21 </td>
<td> 22 </td>
<td> 23 </td>
<td> 24 </td>
<td> 25 </td>
<td> 26 </td>
<td> 27 HaChodesh </td>
</tr><tr>
<td> 28 </td>
<td> 29 </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
</tr><tr>
</table>
<ref> S"A 586:1-6 </ref>
==Parashat Shekalim==
On the [[Shabbat]] before [[Rosh Chodesh]] Adar (Adar Bet in a Leap Year) we read the beginning of Parashat Ki Tisa for maftir because in the times of the Beit Hamikdash they would announce the obligation of machatzit hashekel. <ref> Yalkut Yosef Moadim page 256 from Gemara Megilla 13b and 19a. see also Yerushalmi Megilla 1:5 where a connection is drawn between the half shekel and [[Purim]]. </ref>
# For haftara we read vayichrot yehoyada, Melachim Bet Chapter 12, because there is discussion about the collection of shkalim. <ref> Tur and S"A 685:5, gemara Megilla 29b, Chazon Ovadia [[Purim]] page 1, Yalkut Yosef Moadim page 256. </ref>
# In places where they have the custom to allow a child to go up to the torah for maftir of shkalim or hachodesh, one need not stop them because they have on whom to rely as long as the child knows who he is blessing and he is at least 6 years old. <ref> Yalkut Yosef Moadim page 271, Birkei Yosef 284:2, Petach Hadvir 282:11. Sh"t Rivash 25 though says not to allow a child to go up for the aliya. </ref>
# If the congregation forgot to read Parashat Shkalim and instead read the regular maftir, as long as it is still during the morning, even if they didn't remember until after [[Mussaf]] they should take out the torah and read Parashat Shkalim and say the [[berachot]] before and after. <ref> Sh"t Ginat Vradim Klal 1:35-36,Sh"t Perach Shoshan Klal 1:8, Sh"t Mishpatei Uziel OC 15 </ref> The haftara should be read without the [[berachot]]. <ref> Yalkut Yosef Moadim page 268, Chazon Ovadia [[Purim]] page 21 </ref>
==Parshat Zachor==
# Hearing Parshat Zachor is a biblical mitzvah. <ref>S”A 685:7, Terumat Hadeshen 108, Rambam in Sefer Hamitzvot Mitzva 189, Smag Mitzva 116 and Smak Mitzva 147. Chazon Ovadia [[Purim]] page 11 explains that although it is from the torah not blessing is recited because Hashem isn't pleased with the downfall of the wicked. </ref> It is read the week before [[Purim]]. <ref> Yalkut Yosef Moadim page 258. Rashi Megilla 29a explains that this is because we want to read about amalek right before we read about Haman. </ref>
# The mitzvah is to express this commemoration verbally and so the reader and those listening should intent to fulfill the obligation. <ref>Mishna Brurah 685:14 </ref>
# If one can’t make it to hear Parshat Zachor in a [[minyan]] one should read it with the Trup from a Sefer. <ref>Rama 685:7 </ref>
# Some say that the word Zecher (with Segol) and some say Zaycher (with Tzeyreh) and so it’s proper to read it twice. <Ref>Mishna Brurah 685:18 </ref> Some say that one should read the entire פסוק twice <ref> Moadim UZmanim (vol 2, siman 167), Piskei Teshuvot 685:9 </ref> while others say it’s enough to read the words Zecher Amalek or Timcheh Et Zecher Amalek a second time. <Ref>Kesot HaShulchan 88:22 in the notes, Kitzur S”A 88:22, Piskei Teshuvot 685:9, Sh”t Igrot Moshe 8:20:32 (pg 67). Piskei Shemuot (pg 40) quotes Rav Shlomo Zalman as saying that either minhag is acceptable. Piskei Shemuot (39-40) quotes Rav Chaim Kanievsky as saying it’s enough to repeat a few words. </ref>
# When reading the פרשה of Zachor in Ki Tetse during the year the minhag is to read it Zaycher (with Tzeyreh). <Ref>Piskei Teshuvot 685:9 </ref>
# An Ashkenazi shouldn’t hear Parshat Zachor from a Sephardic Baal Koreh and a Sephardi shouldn’t hear the Parshat Zachor from an Ashkenazic Baal Koreh. <Ref>Piskei Teshuvot 685:10, Sh"t Binyan Shlomo 54, Piskei Shemuot quoting Rav Shlomo Zalman and Rav Elyashiv </ref> and some say that this is only preferable but after the fact one has fulfilled one’s obligation. <ref> Rav Nassim Karlitz quoted in Piskei Shemuot (pg 41). Yalkut Yosef ([[Kriyat HaTorah]] pg 111 and Moadim pg 260) and Sh”t Yabia Omer 6:11 write that it’s proper for a Sephardi to hear it from a Sephardi. </ref>
# Some say that one should hear the same dialect of Hebrew one speaks and the minhag is to be concerned for this. <Ref>Piskei Teshuvot 685:10. Piskei Shemuot (pg 41) quotes Rav Shlomo Zalman saying that it’s not kavod tzibbur to read parshat zachor several times in different dialects. </ref>
# It’s important that one understands the general point and one fulfills one’s obligation even if one doesn’t understand every word. <Ref>Rav Elyashiv quoted in Piskei Shemuot (pg 34) </ref>
# Some say that if one misses one word one has not fulfilled one’s obligation <ref>Piskei Teshuvot 685:10, Mikrei Kodesh [[Purim]] Siman 7 </ref> while others hold that as long as one heard the main point of destroying amalek one has fulfilled one’s obligation. <ref>Rav Shlomo Zalman Auerbach (Halichot Shlomo 18:2)</ref>
# Some say that the congregation should read along as the Baal Koreh reads Parshat Zachor, while others argue that one should listen quietly and such is the widespread minhag. <Ref>Sh”t Minchat Elazar 2:1 says that everyone should read it along with the Baal Koreh, while Sh”t Yechave Daat 3:53 (as well as Yalkut Yosef Moadim page 259 Meor Yisrael on Megilla 18a, and CHazon Ovadia [[Purim]] page 4) and Sh”t Meishiv Dvar OC 47 hold that everyone should listen quietly. Piskei Teshuvot 685:7 writes that the minhag is like the second opinion. </ref>
# If afterwards it’s found out that the Sefer Torah used for Parshat Zachor was pasul one doesn’t have to reread it. <ref>Halichot Shlomo (Moadim vol 2, 18:4) </ref>
# Someone who has already fulfilled his obligation can still read Zachor again for a different tzibbur. <ref> Chazon Ovadia [[Purim]] page 5. </ref>
===Women===
# There are many different views as to whether women are obligated to hear parashat zachor in shul or not. <ref> The Sefer Hachinuch Mitzvah 603 posits that since the mitzva of zachor is related to the mitzva to destroy amalek, the mitzva is limited to men who go to war and will fight Amalek. Thus, Torat Chessed 1:37, Arugot Habosem 205, and Divrei Chaim 2:14 accept a minhag of women not to go to shul to hear Parshat Zachor. Rav Moshe Feinstein (quoted in Kovietz Halachos, page 13) agrees. On the other hand, the Binyan Tziyon 2:8, however, quotes Rav Nosson Adler as having held that women are obligated to hear Parshat Zachor. The Yeshuot Malko OC 50, Maharil Diskin (Kuntres Acharon) 5:101, Minchat Elazar 2:1-5, and Chazon Nachum 85 agree. Nitei Gavriel ([[Purim]] p. 154) writes that the current minhag is women do go to shul to hear Parshat Zachor. See Sh”t Yechave Daat 1:84. </ref>
# Some poskim writes that a woman may fulfill her obligation of listening to Parshat Zachor by reading it from a Chumash. <ref>Nitei Gavriel ([[Purim]] p. 154)</ref>
# Some poskim permit taking out a sefer torah special for the women to fulfill their obligation but without a beracha. <ref> Yalkut Yosef Kriat Hatorah page 136, Chazon Ovadia [[Purim]] page 9, Minchat Yitzchak 9:68. See however, Mikraei Kodesh ([[Purim]], 5), Rav Moshe Feinstein quoted in Moadei Yeshurun on [[Purim]] page 47, Kovetz Halachot page 15, Kinyan Torah 7:53, Shraga hameir 6:116, and Rav Elyashiv quoted in Halichot Bat Yisrael page 296 who say that there should be a [[minyan]] of men for the reading. </ref>
===Children===
# Children who reached the age of [[Chinuch]] should be brought to shul in order to hear Parshat Zachor. <ref>Nitei Gavriel ([[Purim]] p. 156)</ref>

==Parshat Parah==
# Some say Parshat Parah is a biblical mitzvah and some it’s a rabbinic mitzvah. <ref>S”A 685:7, Mishna Brurah 685:14 </ref>

==Sources==
<references/>
[[Category:Prayer]]
[[Category:Shabbat]]
[[Category:Holidays]]
[[Category:Purim]]