Yom Kippur

2014-04-30T19:00:42Z

96.11.82.23: /* Erev Yom Kippur */

[[Image:Yom_Kippur_Prayers.jpg|200px|right]]
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==Mincha on Erev Yom Kippur==
# After [[Shemoneh Esrei]] of [[Mincha]] on [[Erev Yom Kippur]] one should say Vidduy as printed in the machzor (siddur) before Elokai Netsor and according Sephardim after Yehiyu LeRatzon and before Elokai Netsor. <ref>S"A 607:1, Mishna Brurah 607:2, Yalkut Yosef 607:1 </ref>
# The Sephardic minhag is to say Avinu Malkenu at [[Mincha]] before Yom Kippur. <ref>Maamer Mordechai (Rav Mordechai Eliyahu, English version pg 453, #44). Yalkut Yosef Moadim page 75. </ref>

==Hadlakat Nerot of Yom Kippur==
# The minhag is to light candles on [[Erev Yom Kippur]] with a bracha. <ref> S"A 610:1 writes that in places where there's a minhag to light candles on [[Erev Yom Kippur]], one should do so, and in places where the minhag is not to light candles on [[Erev Yom Kippur]] one should also follow that practice. S"A 610:2 writes that there is an opinion that says one should make a bracha upon lighting candles on [[Erev Yom Kippur]]. The Rama 610:2 and Yalkut Yosef 610:1 write that the widespread minhag in Klal Yisrael is to light candles on [[Erev Yom Kippur]] with a bracha.</ref>
# If a woman only says the bracha of Hadlakat Nerot, under extenuating circumstances a woman may have intention not to accept upon herself Yom Kippur with her lighting of the candles and then she would be allowed to go to shul by car after having lit candles. However, if she is not going to accept upon herself Yom Kippur, then she may not say the [[Shehechiyanu]] bracha because once she says the bracha of [[Shehechiyanu]] she has automatically accepted upon herself Yom Kippur and she may not then ride in a car to shul or the like. <ref>Rav Hershel Schachter in Nefesh HaRav (p. 210). Rabbi Hershel Schachter also explained this in a [[http://www.yutorah.org/lectures/lecture.cfm/782120/Rabbi_Hershel_Schachter/Inyonei_Yom_Hakippurim shiur on Inyonei Yom Kippur (min 50-5)]. This is based on the Gemara in Eiruvin 40b which writes that once one said the [[Shehechiyanu]] bracha for Yom Kippur one has automatically accepted Yom Kippur. </ref>

==The mitzvah of accepting Yom Kippur early==
# It is a mitzvah to accept Yom Kippur early in order to add from the week onto Yom Kippur. <ref> Gemara [[Rosh Hashana]] 9a learns from Vayikra 23:32 that there is an obligation to add from the weekday onto Yom Kippur called Tosefet Yom Kippur. (This also appears in Yoma 81b). S"A 263:2 brings this as halacha. </ref>
# It's sufficient to add any amount of time before sunset. However, it's praiseworthy to add 20 or 30 minutes before sunset. (See footnote for background) <ref>
* S"A 271:2 and 608:1 rules that there's no minimum requirement of time one needs to add to [[Shabbat]] to fulfill Tosefet [[Shabbat]]. 39 Melachos (vol 1, pg 150) rules like S"A that there's no specific minimum time for Tofeset [[Shabbat]]. Yalkut Yosef 608:2 rules like S"A.
* Mishna Brurah 608:2 regarding Yom Kippur references his comments regarding accepting [[Shabbat]] early. There Mishna Brurah 271:22 quotes the Rosh who argues that a certain amount of time is needed. [Beiur Halacha s.v. Ayzo Zman posits that this period of time should be no longer than 3/4 of a [[mil]] (which is 13.5 minutes).] The Mishna Brurah 271:23 concludes that in order to fulfill the mitzvah of Tofeset [[Shabbat]] (adding onto [[Shabbat]]) one should refrain from work 30 or 20 minutes before sunset. See [[When does [[Shabbat]] start?]].Shemirat [[Shabbat]] Kehilchata (new edition, 3:7) rules like S"A but in the footnote (#8) writes that starting 20 or 30 minutes early is praiseworthy. </ref>
# Once one accepted Yom Kippur it is forbidden to eat or do any of the 5 prohibited activities of Yom Kippur. <ref>S"A 608:1, Yalkut Yosef 608:2 </ref>

==Nighttime prayers of Yom Kippur==
# If a congregation didn’t say Kol Nidrei until after nightfall of Yom Kippur the congregation may say it. <ref>Rav Avigdor Neventzal in BeYitzchak Yikare on S”A 306:12 because it’s a need for the congregation even though one usually can’t do Hatarat Nedarim on [[Shabbat]] (S”A 341:1). </ref>

==Yom Kippur morning prayers==
# According to some poskim, the beracha "Sheasa Li Kol Tzorki" should not be recited on [[Yom Kippur]]. <ref> Ben Ish Chai, Vayeshev, 9; Kaf Hachaim 46:17 </ref> Others disagree. <ref> Chazon Ovadyah (Yamim Noraim pg 320), </ref>
# It’s preferable to minimize in piyutim and [[selichot]] in order to start [[Mussaf]] before six and half hours. <Ref> S”A 620:1 writes one should minimize piyutim and [[selichot]] in order to finish [[Mussaf]] by the end of the seventh hour. Even though some achronim explain S”A simply that one should start [[Mussaf]] by the beginning of the seventh hour (midday), many achronim say that the term S”A used wasn’t precise and really he means the time of [[Mincha]] which is six and a half hours. That is the opinion of Mishna Brurah 620:2 and Yalkut Yosef (Moadim pg 104). Mishna Brurah 620:1 says that if it is the end of the sixth hour one may skip Avinu Malkenu in order to say [[Mussaf]] by the end of the seventh hour. </ref> However, if one did wait until after six and a half hours one should say [[Mussaf]] first and then [[Mincha]] unless nine and a half hours passed in which case [[Mincha]] should go first. <Ref>Mishna Brurah 620:2 rules like the opinion of the Ri quoted by S”A 286:4 (see [[Mussaf]] page for lengthy explanation).</ref>
# Some have the minhag to add Piyutim even during the [[Brachot]] [[Kriyat Shema]], however, it’s preferable not to add Piyutim there. <ref>Kaf HaChaim 620:1 </ref>
# The Minhag is to add Piyutim which are relevant to the purpose of the day. However, one shouldn’t add so many not to delay saying [[Shema]] in its proper time. <ref>Kaf HaChaim 620:1 </ref>
# There’s different minhag as whether to say the first פסוק of Mizmor Shel Yom Ha[[Shabbat]] on [[Yom Tov]] and Yom Kippur. <ref>Kaf HaChaim 620:2 </ref>
# A Talmid Chacham should not separate himself to learn Torah while the congregation is praying or saying [[selichot]]. <ref>Kaf HaChaim 620:3 </ref>
# It’s preferable to say less Piyutim slowly instead of saying many Piyutim quickly. <ref>Kaf HaChaim 620:4 </ref>
# One should sure to say at least ten Vidduy’s (confessions) on Yom Kippur. <Ref>Mishna Brurah 620:3 </ref>The Minhag is to count one from [[Mincha]] of [[Erev Yom Kippur]], one from [[Arvit]] of the night, four from the four [[prayers]] during the day and four from the four [[Chazarat HaShatz]]’s. <ref>See Kaf HaChaim 620:5 </ref>

==Making one hundred Brachot==
# It’s a mitzvah to smell [[Besamim]] (nice smelling spices) and make the Bracha on them in order to get 100 [[Brachot]] on Yom Kippur. One may make this Bracha several times in the day as long as one had an interruption of thought. <Ref>Chazon Ovadyah (Yamim Noraim, pg 283) </ref>
# On [[Yom Kippur]] even though one can't make a hundred [[brachot]] by himself, it's preferable to have in mind to listen to the [[brachot]] made during the chazara of the shaliach tzibbur. Some suggest that there's no obligation to get to a hundred [[brachot]] on [[Yom Kippur]]. <ref> Rav Chizkiyah Dachvash (author of Shtilei Zaytim) in HaMeor (Vol. 61 No. 4 Sivan 5768 pg. 29) suggests from the language of the Rambam that there's no obligation on [[Yom Kippur]]. However, Mishna Brurah 46:14 (quoted by Sh"t Tzitz Eliezer 19:11:3:9) writes that on [[Yom Kippur]] one should have intent to fulfill this mitzvah from the [[brachot]] on the Torah reading and repetition of [[Shemoneh Esrei]]. </ref>
# For other details about making one hundred [[Brachot]] on Yom Kippur, see the [[Making one hundred Brachot daily]] page.

==Prohibitions of Yom Kippur==
# It's forbidden to do any Melacha (lit. work) on Yom Kippur which would be forbidden to do on [[Shabbat]]. <ref>S"A 611:2, Chazon Ovadyah (Yamim Noraim, pg 282) </ref>
# [[Muktzeh]] (moving certain objects) is prohibited on Yom Kippur to the same extent that on [[Shabbat]] [[Muktzeh]] is forbidden and not to the same extent it is prohibited on [[Yom Tov]]. <ref>S"A 611:2, Chazon Ovadyah (Yamim Noraim, pg 282) </ref>
# One should not prepare food on Yom Kippur for after Yom Kippur. <Ref>S”A 611:2 </ref>
==Eating on Yom Kippur==
# It is absolutely forbidden to eat or drink any amount of food on Yom Kippur. <Ref>S”A 216:5 </ref>
# Everyone is obligated to fast on Yom Kippur including women who are pregnant or nursing (there is a serious medical concern one should consult one’s Rabbi). <Ref>Halichot Shlomo (pg 80), Chazon Ovadyah (Yamim Noraim pg 287) </ref>
# It is permissible to swallow one’s saliva on Yom Kippur. <Ref>Mishna Brurah 567:13, Chazon Ovadyah (Yamim Noraim pg 310) </ref>
# Someone for whom fasting Yom Kippur involves a serious health concern absolutely must ask a doctor and Rabbi whether he/she should eat on Yom Kippur. If the doctor (and Rabbi) ascertain that a person shouldn’t fast then that person should not fast even if he thinks he doesn’t need to eat. In such a case, one may not be strict upon oneself to fast as we are commanded to live by the Torah and not die by it (Chas VeShalom) and all the ways of the Torah are kind and pleasant. <Ref> S”A 618:1, Mishna Brurah 618:5, Chazon Ovadyah (Yamim Noraim pg 287-9) </ref>
# In cases when one needs to eat on Yom Kippur (see above) one should eat less than a 2/3 of a [[KeBaytzah]] and then wait [[Kedi Achilat Pras]] (according to some this is 9 minutes) before eating again, and for drinks less than a Meloh Lugmav and wait [[Kedi Achilat Pras]] or at least Kedi Shtiyat [[Revi'it]] before drinking again. If the doctors assess that this is insufficient (after consultation with the doctor and Rabbi) one may eat as much as needed. <Ref>S”A 618:7-8, Mishna Brurah 618:21 </ref>
# A person who is a Choleh SheEin Bo skana is permissible to take medicine on Yom Kippur if it doesn’t have a good taste. If one needs to have it with liquid one should have mouthwash. <Ref>Rav Schachter in [http://www.yutorah.org/lectures/lecture.cfm/763723/Rabbi_Hershel_Schachter/Halachos_of_Yamim_Noraim Halachos of Yamim Noraim] (min 5-7) </ref>
# Someone who needs to eat on Yom Kippur (see above) doesn’t need to make [[Kiddish]]. <Ref>Chazon Ovadyah (Yamim Noraim pg 307) </ref>
# Someone who is suffering from a bad headache may swallow an Asprin capsule alone. <Ref>Rivevot Efraim 6:320. http://www.aish.com/h/hh/yk/guide/Fasting_on_Yom_Kippur.html permits taking any bitter medicine. </ref>
# One who has a throat infection, a fever, or a headache may drink a quantity of water that is "less than the permitted amount" (2 ounces). <ref> [[Shabbat]] Shabbaton, 64 </ref>
# A person with diarrhea's condition may be such that he must drink on Yom Kippur. <ref> [[Shabbat]] Shabbaton, 64 </ref>
# If there is no doctor available to determine the medical situation, one with hepatitis may drink "less than the permitted amount" on Yom Kippur. <ref> [[Shabbat]] Shabbaton, 68 </ref>
# Some cancer patients are prohibited to fast on Yom Kippur, while others, who are authorized by a doctor, are permitted to fast. <ref> [[Shabbat]] Shabbaton, 74 </ref>
# Some weak, elderly people are prohibited to fast on Yom Kippur. <ref> [[Shabbat]] Shabbaton, 76 </ref>
# A pregnant woman who is suffering from bleeding must drink on Yom Kippur. <ref> [[Shabbat]] Shabbaton, 81 </ref>

==Surgery before Yom Kippur==
# One must postpone a non-emergency surgery until after Yom Kippur in order to be able to fast on Yom Kippur. <ref> [[Shabbat]] Shabbaton, 43 </ref>

==Washing on Yom Kippur==
# It’s forbidden to wash oneself in hot or cold water and even to stick one’s finger in water on Yom Kippur is forbidden. <Ref>S”A 611:1, 613:1 </ref>
# If one got dirty it’s permitted to wash that area in order to remove dirt from one’s body. <Ref>S”A 613:1, Chazon Ovadyah (Yamim Noraim pg 311) </ref>
# Upon [[waking up]] for [[Netilat Yadayim]] one should wash one’s hands three times only up to the knuckles. <Ref>S”A 613:2 writes that since washing not for pleasure isn’t forbidden it’s permissible to wash one’s hand upon [[waking up]] for [[Netilat Yadayim]]. Mishna Brurah 613:3 writes that one may wash one’s hands three times as usual. Nitei Gavriel 43:2 says that those who have the practice to wash four time may do even on Yom Kippur. </ref>
# If one goes to the bathroom one is allowed to wash one’s hands three times up to the end of the fingers (by the knuckles) <Ref>Nitei Gavriel 43:11, Yalkut Yosef (Kitzur S”A 613:2), Chazon Ovadyah (Yamim Noraim pg 310) based on S”A 613:3</ref>
# If one walked into a bathroom but didn’t go and didn’t touch a private place one should not wash one’s hand but rather rub them on the wall or something similar unless it bothers his intent in [[prayers]]. However, someone wants to wash one’s hands has what to rely on. <Ref>Nitei Gavriel 43:10 </ref>
# Cohanim who are going to do [[Birkat Cohanim]] should wash their hands until the end of the hand. <Ref>Chazon Ovadyah (Yamim Noraim pg 312) </ref>However, some say that that the practice is that a cohen just washes until the knuckles. <Ref>Nitei Gavriel 43:8 </ref>
# One may not wash one’s face upon [[waking up]], however, if one’s face became dirty or if there’s guk around one’s eyes one may wet one’s finger and clean in the area which became dirty. <Ref>Nitei Gavriel 43:3-4 based on Mishna Brurah 613:9</ref>
# There’s no obligation to wash one’s hand prior to praying unlike the rest of the year. <Ref>Mishna Brurah 613:5 </ref>
# A bride for the first thirty days after her wedding may wash her face. <Ref>S”A 613:10, Chazon Ovadyah (Yamim Noraim pg 312) </ref>

==Anointing on Yom Kippur==
# It is forbidden to anoint even a part of one’s body with oil or ointment even if one is only doing so just to remove a bad smell. <Ref>S”A 614:1, Mishna Brurah 614:1, Chazon Ovadyah (Yamim Noraim pg 313). Nitei Gavriel 46:5 writes that this prohibition applies equally to women as men and references Minchat [[Chinuch]] 313. </ref>
# It is forbidden to spray oneself with deodorant on Yom Kippur. <Ref>Nitei Gavriel 46:2 and [http://www.torah.org/advanced/weekly-halacha/5763/devarim.html Rabbi Doniel Neustadt on Torah.org] write that it is forbidden to use deodorant on Yom Kippur. [http://www.theyeshivaworld.com/article.php?p=70599 Rabbi Yissachar Krakowski on yeshivaworld.com] writes that while some are lenient regarding aerosol deodorant one should avoid it by applying a thick layer on [[Erev Yom Kippur]]. </ref>

==Wearing leather shoes==
# It’s forbidden to wear leather shoes on Yom Kippur. <Ref>S"A 614:2, Chazon Ovadyah (Yamim Noraim pg 313) </ref>
# According to some poskim, the beracha "Sheasa Li Kol Tzorki" should not be recited on [[Yom Kippur]] and [[Tisha BeAv]]. <ref> Ben Ish Hai, Vayeshev, 9; Kaf Hachaim 46:17 </ref> Others disagree. <ref> Chazon Ovadyah (Yamim Noraim pg 320) </ref>
# Some say that one shouldn't wear shoes which have a raised heel so that one feels the roughness of the ground.<ref>[http://www.yutorah.org/lectures/lecture.cfm/782158/Rabbi_Hershel_Schachter/Inyonei_Yom_Hakippurim_#2 Rav Hershel Schachter in a shiur on Inyonei Yom Kippur (min 47-8)] quotes Rav Soloveitchik as saying that one shouldn't wear shoes which have raised heels so that one feels the roughness of the ground. He based this on the Rambam Shivitat Asor 3:7 who writes that one may wear cloth (non-leather) shoes because one feels the roughness of the ground, implying that non-leather shoes are only permitted if one still feels the roughness of the ground. This is also recorded in Nefesh HaRav (p. 110).</ref>

==Neilah==
# The Chazzan should make sure to finish Birchat Cohanim before sunset, however, after the fact it can be made with a bracha even after sunset as long as it's [[Bein HaShemashot]] and not certain night. <ref>Yalkut Yosef (Moadim pg 112) </ref>
# The doors of the hechal should be opened prior to the recitation of neilah. <ref> Darchei Moshe 623:2, Chemdat Yamim, page 98 </ref>
# Before neilah, the congregation should recitethe piyut "Kel Norah Alilah" with joy and excitement. Afterwards, the [[prayer]] of "Ashre" followed by a chatzi [[Kaddish]] should be recited. <ref> Chazon Ovadia on Yamim Noraim, page 369 </ref>
# Neilah should be recited approximately 30 minutes before sunset. <ref> Yalkut Yosef, Moadim, page 112 </ref>
# If one mistakenly said "Kotvenu" instead of the proper nusach of "Chotmenu" during neilah one need not go back and repeat. <ref> Yalkut Yosef, Moadim, page 113 </ref>
# The Keter [[Kedusha]] is recited in Neilah, just like in [[Mussaf]]. <ref> Yalkut Yosef, Moadim, page 113 </ref>
# The congregation should continue to recite [[selichot]] until 20 minutes after sunset and then blow the [[shofar]] so that there is no concern that people will eat immediately afterwards because they think that Yom Kippur has already ended. <ref> Chazon Ovadia, Yamim Noraim, page 376 </ref>

==Havdalah==
# For sephardim, there is no [[Besamim]] bracha in the [[Havdalah]] even if Yom Kippur falls out on Motzei [[Shabbat]]. <ref> Shulchan Aruch 624:3, Rambam [[Shabbat]] 29:28, Chazon Ovadyah (Yamim Noraim pg 384) </ref> Nevertheless, it is proper that after drinking from the wine of [[havdala]] that the beracha on [[besamim]] should be said and then smell the [[besamim]]. <ref> Sh"t Yabia Omer 10: footnotes to Rav Pealim 3:38 </ref>
# For [[havdala]] after Yom Kippur only a candle that was lit from before Yom kippur should be used, and not one that is lit after Yom kippur specifically for [[havdala]]. If there is no candle that was lit from before, the beracha should not be recited. <ref> Yalkut Yosef Moadim pg. 116, Chazon Ovadia Yamim Noraim pg. 378 </ref> However, if Motzaei Yom Kippur falls out on Motzaei [[Shabbat]], you can still recite the beracha on a candle that was lit that night if you don't have one lit from before Yom Kippur. <ref> Yalkut Yosef Moadim pg. 116, Chazon Ovadia Yamim Noraim pg. 378 </ref>
# One should not eat before [[Havdala]]. However, if someone is very thirsty, they may drink some water. <ref> Yalkut Yosef Moadim pg. 116, Chazon Ovadia Yamim Noraim pg. 387, Shoel U'Meishiv 1:129 </ref>

==Sources==
<References/>
[[Category:Fasting]]
[[Category:Holidays]]

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